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Lucimara Martins

Publications and source records attributed to Lucimara Martins.

15 recordsLinked to original sources

pySTARBURST99: The Next Generation of STARBURST99

STARBURST99 is a population synthesis code tailored to predict the integrated properties or observational characteristics of star-forming galaxies. Here we present an update to STARBURST99 where we port the code to python, include new evolutionary tracks both rotating and non-rotating at a range of low metallicity environments. We complement these tracks with a corresponding grid of new synthetic SEDs. Additionally we include both evolutionary and spectral models of stars up to 300-500Msol. Synthesis models made with the python version of the code and new input stellar models are labelled pySTARBURST99. We make new predictions for many properties, such as ionising flux, SED, bolometric luminosity, wind power, hydrogen line equivalent widths and the UV beta-slope. These properties are all assessed over wider coverage in metallicity, mass and resolution than in previous versions of STARBURST99. A notable finding from these updates is an increase in H I ionising flux of 0.3 dex in the first 2Myr when increasing the upper mass limit from 120 to 300Msol. Changing metallicity has little impact on H I in the first 2Myr (range of 0.015 dex from Z = 0.02 to 0.0) but lower metallicities have higher H I by 1 dex (comparing Z = 0.02 to 0.0004) at later times, with Z = 0.0 having even higher H I at later times. Rotating models have significantly higher H I than their equivalent non-rotating models at any time after 2Myr. Similar trends are found for He I and He II, bolometric luminosity and wind momentum, with more complex relations found for hydrogen line equivalent widths and UV beta-slopes.

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SMARTY: The mileS Moderate resolution neAr-infRared sTellar librarY

Most of the observed galaxies cannot be resolved into individual stars and are studied through their integrated spectrum using simple stellar populations (SSPs) models, with stellar libraries being a key ingredient in building them. Spectroscopic observations are increasingly being directed towards the near-infrared (NIR), where much is yet to be explored. SSPs in the NIR are still limited, and there are inconsistencies between different sets of models. One of the ways to minimize this problem is to have reliable NIR stellar libraries. The main goal of this work is to present SMARTY (mileS Moderate resolution neAr-infRared sTellar librarY) a ~0.9-2.4$μ$m stellar spectral library composed of 31 stars observed with the Gemini Near-IR Spectrograph (GNIRS) at the 8.1m Gemini North telescope and make it available to the community. The stars were chosen from the SMARTY library, for which the atmospheric parameters are reliable (and well tested), to populate different regions of the Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram. Furthermore, five of these stars have NIR spectra available that we use to assess the quality of SMARTY. The remaining 26 stars are presented for the first time in the NIR. We compared the observed SMARTY spectra with synthetic and interpolated spectra, finding a mean difference of ~20% in the equivalent widths and ~1% in the overall continuum shape in both sets of comparisons. We computed the spectrophotometric broadband magnitudes and colours and compared them with the 2MASS ones, resulting in mean differences up to 0.07 and 0.10mag in magnitudes and colours, respectively. In general, a small difference was noted between the SMARTY spectra corrected using the continuum from the interpolated and the theoretical stars.

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NGC 6397: The metallicity trend along the isochrone revisited

Recent work has used spectra of about 5000 stars in NGC 6397 that were extracted from a MUSE mosaic to determine the atmospheric parameters for these stars by fitting the spectra against the Goettingen Spectral Library. A significant change in metallicity between the turn off and the red giant branch was found and was discussed as a possible manifestation of predicted effects of atomic diffusion. However, the small amplitude of the effect and inconsistency with earlier measurements call for more attention before this result is interpreted. Systematic effects due to the interpolation or to the synthetic spectra cannot be ruled out at this level of precision. We reanalyze the data with the ELODIE and MILES reference libraries in order to assess the robustness of the result. These empirical libraries have a finer metallicity coverage down to approximately the cluster metalicity turn-off. We used the ULySS full-spectrum fitting package, together with the library interpolators to remeasure the three atmospheric parameters effective temperature, surface gravity, and [Fe/H] metallicity. We find a very low [Fe/H] dispersion along the isochrone (0.07 dex), consistent with our error estimate (0.05 dex). However, the [Fe/H] trend is not reproducible. This shows that the data have the potential to reveal patterns of the magnitude of the expected physical effects, but the analysis methods need to be refined to cull systematic effects that currently dominate the patterns.

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A close look at the dwarf AGN of NGC 4395: optical and near-IR integral field spectroscopy

Intermediate mass black holes (10$^3$-10$^5$ M$_\odot$) in the center of dwarf galaxies are believed to be analogous to growing Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) in the early Universe. Their characterization can provide insight about the early galaxies. We present optical and near-infrared integral field spectroscopy of the inner $\sim$50 pc of the dwarf galaxy NGC4395, known to harbor an AGN. NGC 4395 is an ideal candidate to investigate the nature of dwarf AGN, as it is nearby ($d\approx4.4$ Mpc) enough to allow a close look at its nucleus. The optical data were obtained with the Gemini GMOS-IFU covering the 4500 A to 7300 A spectral range at a spatial resolution of 10 pc. The J and K-band spectra were obtained with the Gemini NIFS at spatial resolutions of $\sim$5 pc. The gas kinematics show a compact, rotation disk component with a projected velocity amplitude of 25 km s$^{-1}$. We estimate a mass of $7.7\times10^5$ M$_\odot$ inside a radius of 10 pc. From the H$α$ broad line component, we estimate the AGN bolometric luminosity as $L_{ bol}=(9.9\pm1.4)\times10^{40}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and a mass $M_{ BH}=(2.5^{+1.0}_{-0.8})\times10^5$ M$_\odot$ for the central black hole. The mean surface mass densities for the ionized and molecular gas are in the ranges (1-2) M$_{\odot} $pc$^{-2}$ and (1-4)$\times10^{-3}$ M${_\odot}$ pc$^{-2}$ and the average ratio between ionized and hot molecular gas masses is $\sim$500. The emission-line flux distributions reveal an elongated structure at 24 pc west of the nucleus, which is blueshifted relative to the systemic velocity of the galaxy by $\approx$30 km s$^{-1}$. We speculate that this structure is originated by the accretion of a gas-rich small satellite or by a low metallicity cosmic cloud.

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Differences between CO- and calcium triplet-derived velocity dispersions in spiral galaxies: evidence for central star formation?

We examine the stellar velocity dispersions (sigma) of a sample of 48 galaxies, 35 of which are spirals, from the Palomar nearby galaxy survey. It is known that for ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) and merger remnants thesigma derived from the near-infrared CO band-heads is smaller than that measured from optical lines, while no discrepancy between these measurements is found for early-type galaxies. No such studies are available for spiral galaxies - the subject of this paper. We used cross-dispersed spectroscopic data obtained with the Gemini Near-Infrared Spectrograph (GNIRS), with spectral coverage from 0.85 to 2.5um, to obtain sigma measurements from the 2.29 $μ$m CO band-heads (sigma_{CO}), and the 0.85 um calcium triplet (sigma_{CaT}). For the spiral galaxies in the sample, we found that sigma_{CO} is smaller than sigma_{CaT}, with a mean fractional difference of 14.3%. The best fit to the data is given by sigma_{opt} = (46.0+/-18.1) + (0.85+/-0.12)sigma_{CO}. This "sigma discrepancy" may be related to the presence of warm dust, as suggested by a slight correlation between the discrepancy and the infrared luminosity. This is consistent with studies that have found no sigma-discrepancy in dust-poor early-type galaxies, and a much larger discrepancy in dusty merger remnants and ULIRGs. That sigma_{CO}$ is lower than sigma_{opt} may also indicate the presence of a dynamically cold stellar population component. This would agree with the spatial correspondence between low sigma_{CO} and young/intermediate-age stellar populations that has been observed in spatially-resolved spectroscopy of a handful of galaxies.

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ALiCCE: Atomic Lines Calibration using the Cross-Entropy Algorithm

Atomic line opacities play a crucial role in stellar astrophysics. They strongly modify the radiative transfer in stars, therefore impacting their physical structure. Ultimately, most of our knowledge of stellar population systems (stars, clusters, galaxies, etc.) relies on the accuracy with which we understand and reproduce the stellar spectra. With such a wide impact on Astronomy, it would be ideal to have access to a complete, accurate and precise list of atomic transitions. This, unfortunately, is not the case. Few atomic transitions had their parameters actually measured in the laboratory, and for most of the lines the parameters were calculated with low precision atomic energy levels. Only a small fraction of the lines were calibrated empirically. For the purpose of computing a stellar spectral grid with a complete coverage of spectral types and luminosity classes, this situation is rather limiting. We have implemented an innovative method to perform a robust calibration of atomic line lists used by spectral synthesis codes called ALiCCE: Atomic Lines Calibration using the Cross-Entropy algorithm. Here we describe the implementation and validation of the method, using synthetic spectra which simulates the signal-to-noise, spectral resolution and rotational velocities typical of high quality observed spectra. We conclude that the method is efficient for calibrating atomic line lists.

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Spectral Synthesis of Star-forming Galaxies in the Near-Infrared

The near-infrared spectral region is becoming a very useful wavelength range to detect and quantify the stellar population of galaxies. Models are developing to predict the contribution of TP-AGB stars, that should dominate the NIR spectra of populations 0.3 to 2 Gyr old. When present in a given stellar population, these stars leave unique signatures that can be used to detect them unambiguously. However, these models have to be tested in a homogeneous database of star-forming galaxies, to check if the results are consistent with what is found from different wavelength ranges. In this work we performed stellar population synthesis on the nuclear and extended regions of 23 star-forming galaxies to understand how the star-formation tracers in the near-infrared can be used in practice. The stellar population synthesis shows that for the galaxies with strong emission in the NIR, there is an important fraction of young/intermediate population contributing to the spectra, which is probably the ionisation source in these galaxies. Galaxies that had no emission lines measured in the NIR were found to have older average ages and less contribution of young populations. Although the stellar population synthesis method proved to be very effective to find the young ionising population in these galaxies, no clear correlation between these results and the NIR spectral indexes were found. Thus, we believe that, in practice, the use of these indexes is still very limited due to observational limitations.

astro-ph.CO

The ionization mechanism of NGC 185: how to fake a Seyfert galaxy?

NGC 185 is a dwarf spheroidal satellite of the Andromeda galaxy. From mid-1990s onwards it was revealed that dwarf spheroidals often display a varied and in some cases complex star formation history. In an optical survey of bright nearby galaxies, NGC 185 was classified as a Seyfert galaxy based on its emission line ratios. However, although the emission lines in this object formally place it in the category of Seyferts, it is probable that this galaxy does not contain a genuine active nucleus. NGC 185 was not detected in radio surveys either in 6 or 20 cm, or X-ray observations, which means that the Seyfert-like line ratios may be produced by stellar processes. In this work, we try to identify the possible ionization mechanisms for this galaxy. We discussed the possibility of the line emissions being produced by planetary nebulae (PNe), using deep spectroscopy observations obtained with GMOS-N, at Gemini. Although the fluxes of the PNe are high enough to explain the integrated spectrum, the line ratios are very far from the values for the Seyfert classification. We then proposed that a mixture of supernova remnants and PNe could be the source of the ionization, and we show that a composition of these two objects do mimic Seyfert-like line ratios. We used chemical evolution models to predict the supernova rates and to support the idea that these supernova remnants should be present in the galaxy.

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Optical vs. infrared studies of dusty galaxies and AGN: (I) Nebular emission lines

Optical nebular emission lines are commonly used to estimate the star formation rate of galaxies and the black hole accretion rate of their central active nucleus. The accuracy of the conversion from line strengths to physical properties depends upon the accuracy to which the lines can be corrected for dust attenuation. For studies of single galaxies with normal amounts of dust, most dust corrections result in the same derived properties within the errors. However, for statistical studies of populations of galaxies, or for studies of galaxies with higher dust contents such as might be found in some classes of "transition" galaxies, significant uncertainty arises from the dust attenuation correction. We compare the strength of the predominantly unobscured mid-IR [NeII]15.5um + [NeIII]12.8um emission lines to the optical H alpha emission lines in four samples of galaxies: (i) ordinary star forming galaxies, (ii) optically selected dusty galaxies, (iii) ULIRGs, (iv) Seyfert 2 galaxies. We show that a single dust attenuation curve applied to all samples can correct H alpha emission for dust attenuation to a factor better than 2. Similarly, we compare mid-IR [OIV] and optical [OIII] luminosities to find that [OIII] can be corrected to a factor better than 3. This shows that the total dust attenuation suffered by the AGN narrow line region is not significantly different to that suffered by the starforming HII regions in the galaxy. We provide explicit dust attenuation corrections, together with errors, for [OII], [OIII] and H alpha. The best-fit average attenuation curve is slightly greyer than the Milky-Way extinction law, indicating either that external galaxies have slightly different typical dust properties to the Milky Way, or that there is a significant contribution from scattering. Finally, we uncover an intriguing correlation between Silicate absorption and Balmer decrement.

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Indicators of Intrinsic AGN Luminosity: a Multi-Wavelength Approach

We consider five indicators for intrinsic AGN luminosity: the luminosities of the [OIII]$λ$5007 line, the [OIV]25.89$μ$m line, the mid-infrared (MIR) continuum emission by the torus, and the radio and hard X-ray (E $>$ 10keV) continuum emission. We compare these different proxies using two complete samples of low-redshift type 2 AGN selected in a homogeneous way based on different indicators: an optically selected [OIII] sample and a mid-infrared selected 12$μ$m sample. We examine the correlations between all five different proxies, and find better agreement for the [OIV], MIR, and [OIII] luminosities than for the hard X-ray and radio luminosities. Next, we compare the ratios of the fluxes of the different proxies to their values in unobscured Type 1 AGN. The agreement is best for the ratio of the [OIV] and MIR fluxes, while the ratios of the hard X-ray to [OIII], [OIV], and MIR fluxes are systematically low by about an order-of-magnitude in the Type 2 AGN, indicating that hard X-ray selected samples do not represent the full Type 2 AGN population. In a similar spirit, we compare different optical and MIR diagnostics of the relative energetic contributions of AGN and star formation processes in our samples of Type 2 AGN. We find good agreement between the various diagnostic parameters, such as the equivalent width of the MIR polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon features, the ratio of the MIR [OIV]/[NeII] emission-lines, the spectral index of the MIR continuum, and the commonly used optical emission-line ratios. Finally, we test whether the presence of cold gas associated with star-formation leads to an enhanced conversion efficiency of AGN ionizing radiation into [OIII] or [OIV] emission. We find that no compelling evidence exists for this scenario for the luminosities represented in this sample (L$_{bol}$ $\approx$ 10$^{9}$ - 8 $\times$ 10$^{11}$ L$_{\sun}$). (abridged)

astro-ph.CO

Nuclear and Extended Spectra of NGC 1068 - II: Near-Infrared Stellar Population Synthesis

We performed stellar population synthesis on the nuclear and extended regions of NGC 1068 by means of near-infrared spectroscopy to disentangle their spectral energy distribution components. This is the first time that such a technique is applied to the whole 0.8 - 2.4 micron wavelength interval in this galaxy. NGC 1068 is one of the nearest and probably the most studied Seyfert 2 galaxy, becoming an excellent laboratory to study the interaction between black holes, the jets that they can produce and the medium in which they propagate. Our main result is that traces of young stellar population are found at ~ 100 south of the nucleus. The contribution of a power-law continuum in the centre is about 25%, which is expected if the light is scattered from a Seyfert 1 nucleus. We find peaks in the contribution of the featureless continuum about 100 - 150 pc from the nucleus on both sides. They might be associated with regions where the jet encounters dense clouds. Further support to this scenario is given by the peaks of hot dust distribution found around these same regions and the H2 emission line profile, leading us to propose that the peaks might be associate to regions where stars are being formed. Hot dust also has an important contribution to the nuclear region, reinforcing the idea of the presence of a dense, circumnuclear torus in this galaxy. Cold dust appears mostly in the south direction, which supports the view that the southwest emission is behind the plane of the galaxy and is extinguished very likely by dust in the plane. Intermediate age stellar population contributes significantly to the continuum, specially in the inner 200 pc.

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Nuclear and Extended Spectra of NGC 1068 - I: Hints from Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

We report the first simultaneous zJHK spectroscopy on the archetypical Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 1068 covering the wavelength region 0.9 to 2.4 micron. The slit, aligned in the NS direction and centred in the optical nucleus, maps a region 300 pc in radius at sub-arcsec resolution, with a spectral resolving power of 360 km s^-1. This configuration allow us to study the physical properties of the nuclear gas including that of the north side of the ionization cone, map the strong excess of continuum emission in the K-band and attributed to dust and study the variations, both in flux and profile, in the emission lines. Our results show that (1) Mid- to low-ionization emission lines are splitted into two components, whose relative strengths vary with the position along the slit and seem to be correlated with the jet. (2) The coronal lines are single-peaked and are detected only in the central few hundred of parsecs from the nucleus. (3) The absorption lines indicate the presence of intermediate age stellar population, which might be a significant contributor to the continuum in the NIR spectra. (4) Through some simple photoionization models we find photoionization as the main mechanism powering the emitting gas. (5) Calculations using stellar features point to a mass concentration inside the 100 - 200 pc of about 10^10 solar masses.

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A complete census of AGN and their hosts from optical surveys?

Large optical surveys provide an unprecedented census of galaxies in the local Universe, forming an invaluable framework into which more detailed studies of objects can be placed. But how useful are optical surveys for understanding the co-evolution of black holes and galaxies, given their limited wavelength coverage, selection criteria, and depth? In this conference paper I present work-in-progress comparing optical and mid-IR diagnostics of three "unusual" low redshift populations (luminous Seyferts, dusty Balmer-strong AGN, ULIRGs) with a set of ordinary star-forming galaxies from the SDSS. I address the questions: How well do the mid-infrared and optical diagnostics of star formation and AGN strength agree? To what extent do optical surveys allow us to include extreme, dusty, morphologically disturbed galaxies in our "complete" census of black hole-galaxy co-evolution?

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XMM-Newton Observations of a Complete Sample of Optically Selected Type 2 Seyfert Galaxies

(abridged)The majority of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) suffer from significant obscuration by surrounding dust and gas. X-ray surveys in the 2-10 keV band will miss the most heavily-obscured AGN in which the absorbing column density exceeds $\sim10^{24}$cm$^{-2}$ (the Compton-thick AGN). It is therefore vital to know the fraction of AGN that are missed in such X-rays surveys and to determine if these AGN represent some distinct population in terms of the fundamental properties of AGN and/or their host galaxies. In this paper we present the analysis of \textit{XMM-Newton} X-ray data for a complete sample of 17 low-redshift Type 2 Seyfert galaxies chosen from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey based solely on the high observed flux of the [OIII]$λ$5007 emission-line. This line is formed in the Narrow Line Region hundreds of parsecs away from the central engine. Thus, unlike the X-ray emission, it is not affected by obscuration due to the torus surrounding the black hole. It therefore provides a useful isotropic indicator of the AGN luminosity. As additional indicators of the intrinsic AGN luminosity, we use the Spitzer Space Telescope to measure the luminosities of the mid-infrared continuum and the [OIV]25.89$μ$m narrow emission-line. We then use the ratio of the 2-10 keV X-ray luminosity to the [OIII], [OIV], and mid-infrared luminosities to assess the amount of X-ray obscuration and to distinguish between Compton-thick and Compton-thin objects. We find that the majority of the sources suffer significant amounts of obscuration: the observed 2-10 keV emission is depressed by more than an order-of-magnitude in 11 of the 17 cases (as expected for Compton-thick sources).

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Testing the Accuracy of Synthetic Stellar Libraries

In the present work we compare in detail some of the major theoretical libraries with observations, aiming at detecting weaknesses and strengths from the stellar population modelling point of view. We compared model predictions and observations for broad- band colours and for high resolution spectral features. Concerning the broad-band colours, we measured the stellar colour given by three recent sets of model atmospheres and flux distributions(Castelli & Kurucz 2003; Gustafsson et al. 2003; Brott & Hauschildt 2005), and compared them with a recent UBVRIJHK calibration (Worthey & Lee 2007). We found that the models can reproduce with reasonable accuracy the stellar colours for a fair interval in effective temperatures and gravities. The exceptions are: 1) the U-B colour, where the models are typically redder than the observations, and; 2) the very cool stars in general (V-K > ~3).Concerning the high resolution features, we measured 35 spectral indices defined in the literature on three high resolution synthetic libraries (Coelho et al. 2005; Martins et al. 2005; Munari et al. 2005), and compared them with the observed measurements given by three empirical libraries (Valdes et al.2004; Sanchez-Blazquez et al. 2006; Prugniel & Soubiran 2001). We found that the direct comparison between models and observations is not a simple task, given the uncertainties in parameter determinations of empirical libraries. Taking that aside, we found that in general the three libraries present similar behaviours and systematic deviations. For stars with Teff < 7000K, the library by Coelho et al. (2005) is the one with best average performance. We detect that lists of atomic and molecular line opacities still need improvement, specially in the blue region of thespectrum, and for the cool stars (Teff < ~4500K).

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