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Ludovic Patey

Publications and source records attributed to Ludovic Patey.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
arXiv2020

The weakness of the pigeonhole principle under hyperarithmetical reductions

The infinite pigeonhole principle for 2-partitions ($\mathsf{RT}^1_2$) asserts the existence, for every set $A$, of an infinite subset of $A$ or of its complement. In this paper, we study the infinite pigeonhole principle from a computability-theoretic viewpoint. We prove in particular that $\mathsf{RT}^1_2$ admits strong cone avoidance for arithmetical and hyperarithmetical reductions. We also prove the existence, for every $Δ^0_n$ set, of an infinite low${}_n$ subset of it or its complement. This answers a question of Wang. For this, we design a new notion of forcing which generalizes the first and second-jump control of Cholak, Jockusch and Slaman.

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arXiv2020

COH, SRT22, and multiple functionals

We prove the following result: there is a family $R = \langle R_0,R_1,\ldots \rangle$ of subsets of $ω$ such that for every stable coloring $c : [ω]^2 \to k$ hyperarithmetical in $R$ and every finite collection of Turing functionals, there is an infinite homogeneous set $H$ for $c$ such that none of the finitely many functionals map $R \oplus H$ to an infinite cohesive set for $R$. This extends the current best partial results towards the $\mathsf{SRT}^2_2$ vs. $\mathsf{COH}$ problem in reverse mathematics, and is also a partial result towards the resolution of several related problems, such as whether $\mathsf{COH}$ is omnisciently computably reducible to $\mathsf{SRT}^2_2$.

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arXiv2020

Some results concerning the $\mathsf{SRT}^2_2$ vs. $\mathsf{COH}$ problem

The $\mathsf{SRT}^2_2$ vs.\ $\mathsf{COH}$ problem is a central problem in computable combinatorics and reverse mathematics, asking whether every Turing ideal that satisfies the principle $\mathsf{SRT}^2_2$ also satisfies the principle $\mathsf{COH}$. This paper is a contribution towards further developing some of the main techniques involved in attacking this problem. We study several principles related to each of $\mathsf{SRT}^2_2$ and $\mathsf{COH}$, and prove results that highlight the limits of our current understanding, but also point to new directions ripe for further exploration.

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arXiv2019

SRT22 does not imply RT22 in omega-models

We complete a 40-year old program on the computability-theoretic analysis of Ramsey's theorem, starting with Jockusch in 1972, and improving a result of Chong, Slaman and Yang in 2014. Given a set $X$, let $[X]^n$ be the collection of all $n$-element subsets of $X$. Ramsey's theorem for $n$-tuples asserts the existence, for every finite coloring of $[ω]^n$, of an infinite set $X \subseteq ω$ such that $[X]^n$ is monochromatic. The meta-mathematical study of Ramsey has a rich history, with several long-standing open problems and seminal theorems, including Seetapun's theorem in 1995 and Liu's theorem in 2012 about Ramsey's theorem for pairs. The remaining question about the study of Ramsey's theorem from a computational viewpoint was the relation between Ramsey's theorem for pairs ($\mathsf{RT}^2_2$) and its restriction to stable colorings ($\mathsf{SRT}^2_2$), that is, colorings admitting a limit behavior. Chong, Slaman and Yang first proved that $\mathsf{SRT}^2_2$ does not formally imply $\mathsf{RT}^2_2$ in a proof-theoretic sense, using non-standard models of reverse mathematics. In this article, we answer the open question whether this non-implication also holds within the framework of computability theory. More precisely, we construct a $ω$-model of $\mathsf{SRT}^2_2$ which is not a model of $\mathsf{RT}^2_2$. For this, we design a new notion of effective forcing refining Mathias forcing using the notion of largeness classes.

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arXiv2019

Ramsey's theorem and products in the Weihrauch degrees

We study the positions in the Weihrauch lattice of parallel products of various combinatorial principles related to Ramsey's theorem. Among other results, we obtain an answer to a question of Brattka, by showing that Ramsey's theorem for pairs ($\mathsf{RT}^2_2$) is strictly Weihrauch below the parallel product of the stable Ramsey's theorem for pairs and the cohesive principle ($\mathsf{SRT}^2_2 \times \mathsf{COH}$).

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arXiv2019

Thin set theorems and cone avoidance

The thin set theorem $\mathsf{RT}^n_{<\infty,\ell}$ asserts the existence, for every $k$-coloring of the subsets of natural numbers of size $n$, of an infinite set of natural numbers, all of whose subsets of size $n$ use at most $\ell$ colors. Whenever $\ell = 1$, the statement corresponds to Ramsey's theorem. From a computational viewpoint, the thin set theorem admits a threshold phenomenon, in that whenever the number of colors $\ell$ is sufficiently large with respect to the size $n$ of the tuples, then the thin set theorem admits strong cone avoidance. Let $d_0, d_1, \dots$ be the sequence of Catalan numbers. For $n \geq 1$, $\mathsf{RT}^n_{<\infty, \ell}$ admits strong cone avoidance if and only if $\ell \geq d_n$ and cone avoidance if and only if $\ell \geq d_{n-1}$. We say that a set $A$ is $\mathsf{RT}^n_{<\infty, \ell}$-encodable if there is an instance of $\mathsf{RT}^n_{<\infty, \ell}$ such that every solution computes $A$. The $\mathsf{RT}^n_{<\infty, \ell}$-encodable sets are precisely the hyperarithmetic sets if and only if $\ell < 2^{n-1}$, the arithmetic sets if and only if $2^{n-1} \leq \ell < d_n$, and the computable sets if and only if $d_n \leq \ell$.

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arXiv2019

Pigeons do not jump high

The infinite pigeonhole principle for 2-partitions asserts the existence, for every set $A$, of an infinite subset of $A$ or of its complement. In this paper, we develop a new notion of forcing enabling a fine analysis of the computability-theoretic features of the pigeonhole principle. We deduce various consequences, such as the existence, for every set $A$, of an infinite subset of it or its complement of non-high degree. We also prove that every $Δ^0_3$ set has an infinite low${}_3$ solution and give a simpler proof of Liu's theorem that every set has an infinite subset in it or its complement of non-PA degree.

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arXiv2019

Relationships between computability-theoretic properties of problems

A problem is a multivalued function from a set of \emph{instances} to a set of \emph{solutions}. We consider only instances and solutions coded by sets of integers. A problem admits preservation of some computability-theoretic weakness property if every computable instance of the problem admits a solution relative to which the property holds. For example, cone avoidance is the ability, given a non-computable set $A$ and a computable instance of a problem $\mathsf{P}$, to find a solution relative to which $A$ is still non-computable. In this article, we compare relativized versions of computability-theoretic notions of preservation which have been studied in reverse mathematics, and prove that the ones which were not already separated by natural statements in the literature actually coincide. In particular, we prove that it is equivalent to admit avoidance of 1 cone, of $ω$ cones, of 1 hyperimmunity or of 1 non-$Σ^0_1$ definition. We also prove that the hierarchies of preservation of hyperimmunity and non-$Σ^0_1$ definitions coincide. On the other hand, none of these notions coincide in a non-relativized setting.

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arXiv2019

Ramsey-like theorems and moduli of computation

Ramsey's theorem asserts that every $k$-coloring of $[ω]^n$ admits an infinite monochromatic set. Whenever $n \geq 3$, there exists a computable $k$-coloring of $[ω]^n$ whose solutions compute the halting set. On the other hand, for every computable $k$-coloring of $[ω]^2$ and every non-computable set $C$, there is an infinite monochromatic set $H$ such that $C \not \leq_T H$. The latter property is known as cone avoidance. In this article, we design a natural class of Ramsey-like theorems encompassing many statements studied in reverse mathematics. We prove that this class admits a maximal statement satisfying cone avoidance and use it as a criterion to re-obtain many existing proofs of cone avoidance. This maximal statement asserts the existence, for every $k$-coloring of $[ω]^n$, of an infinite subdomain $H \subseteq ω$ over which the coloring depends only on the sparsity of its elements. This confirms the intuition that Ramsey-like theorems compute Turing degrees only through the sparsity of its solutions.

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arXiv2018

A computable analysis of variable words theorems

The Carlson-Simpson lemma is a combinatorial statement occurring in the proof of the Dual Ramsey theorem. Formulated in terms of variable words, it informally asserts that given any finite coloring of the strings, there is an infinite sequence with infinitely many variables such that for every valuation, some specific set of initial segments is homogeneous. Friedman, Simpson, and Montalban asked about its reverse mathematical strength. We study the computability-theoretic properties and the reverse mathematics of this statement, and relate it to the finite union theorem. In particular, we prove the Ordered Variable word for binary strings in ACA0.

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arXiv2018

The proof-theoretic strength of Ramsey's theorem for pairs and two colors

Ramsey's theorem for $n$-tuples and $k$-colors ($\mathsf{RT}^n_k$) asserts that every k-coloring of $[\mathbb{N}]^n$ admits an infinite monochromatic subset. We study the proof-theoretic strength of Ramsey's theorem for pairs and two colors, namely, the set of its $Π^0_1$ consequences, and show that $\mathsf{RT}^2_2$ is $Π^0_3$ conservative over $\mathsf{I}Σ^0_1$. This strengthens the proof of Chong, Slaman and Yang that $\mathsf{RT}^2_2$ does not imply $\mathsf{I}Σ^0_2$, and shows that $\mathsf{RT}^2_2$ is finitistically reducible, in the sense of Simpson's partial realization of Hilbert's Program. Moreover, we develop general tools to simplify the proofs of $Π^0_3$-conservation theorems.

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arXiv2016

Partial orders and immunity in reverse mathematics

We identify computability-theoretic properties enabling us to separate various statements about partial orders in reverse mathematics. We obtain simpler proofs of existing separations, and deduce new compound ones. This work is part of a larger program of unification of the separation proofs of various Ramsey-type theorems in reverse mathematics in order to obtain a better understanding of the combinatorics of Ramsey's theorem and its consequences. We also answer a question of Murakami, Yamazaki and Yokoyama about pseudo Ramsey's theorem for pairs.

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arXiv2016

Dominating the Erdos-Moser theorem in reverse mathematics

The Erdos-Moser theorem (EM) states that every infinite tournament has an infinite transitive subtournament. This principle plays an important role in the understanding of the computational strength of Ramsey's theorem for pairs (RT^2_2) by providing an alternate proof of RT^2_2 in terms of EM and the ascending descending sequence principle (ADS). In this paper, we study the computational weakness of EM and construct a standard model (omega-model) of simultaneously EM, weak König's lemma and the cohesiveness principle, which is not a model of the atomic model theorem. This separation answers a question of Hirschfeldt, Shore and Slaman, and shows that the weakness of the Erdos-Moser theorem goes beyond the separation of EM from ADS proven by Lerman, Solomon and Towsner.

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arXiv2016

Diagonally non-computable functions and fireworks

A set C of reals is said to be negligible if there is no probabilistic algorithm which generates a member of C with positive probability. Various classes have been proven to be negligible, for example the Turing upper-cone of a non-computable real, the class of coherent completions of Peano Arithmetic or the class of reals of minimal degrees. One class of particular interest in the study of negligibility is the class of diagonally non-computable (DNC) functions, proven by Kucera to be non-negligible in a strong sense: every Martin-Löf random real computes a DNC function. Ambos-Spies et al. showed that the converse does not hold: there are DNC functions which compute no Martin-Löf random real. In this paper, we show that such the set of such DNC functions is in fact non-negligible. More precisely, we prove that for every sufficiently fast-growing computable~$h$, every 2-random real computes an $h$-bounded DNC function which computes no Martin-Löf random real. Further, we show that the same holds for the set of reals which compute a DNC function but no bounded DNC function. The proofs of these results use a combination of a technique due to Kautz (which, following a metaphor of Shen, we like to call a `fireworks argument') and bushy tree forcing, which is the canonical forcing notion used in the study of DNC functions.

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arXiv2016

Coloring trees in reverse mathematics

The tree theorem for pairs ($\mathsf{TT}^2_2$), first introduced by Chubb, Hirst, and McNicholl, asserts that given a finite coloring of pairs of comparable nodes in the full binary tree $2^{<ω}$, there is a set of nodes isomorphic to $2^{<ω}$ which is homogeneous for the coloring. This is a generalization of the more familiar Ramsey's theorem for pairs ($\mathsf{RT}^2_2$), which has been studied extensively in computability theory and reverse mathematics. We answer a longstanding open question about the strength of $\mathsf{TT}^2_2$, by showing that this principle does not imply the arithmetic comprehension axiom ($\mathsf{ACA}_0$) over the base system, recursive comprehension axiom ($\mathsf{RCA}_0$), of second-order arithmetic. In addition, we give a new and self-contained proof of a recent result of Patey that $\mathsf{TT}^2_2$ is strictly stronger than $\mathsf{RT}^2_2$. Combined, these results establish $\mathsf{TT}^2_2$ as the first known example of a natural combinatorial principle to occupy the interval strictly between $\mathsf{ACA}_0$ and $\mathsf{RT}^2_2$. The proof of this fact uses an extension of the bushy tree forcing method, and develops new techniques for dealing with combinatorial statements formulated on trees, rather than on $ω$.

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arXiv2016

On the logical strengths of partial solutions to mathematical problems

We use the framework of reverse mathematics to address the question of, given a mathematical problem, whether or not it is easier to find an infinite partial solution than it is to find a complete solution. Following Flood, we say that a Ramsey-type variant of a problem is the problem with the same instances but whose solutions are the infinite partial solutions to the original problem. We study Ramsey-type variants of problems related to König's lemma, such as restrictions of König's lemma, Boolean satisfiability problems, and graph coloring problems. We find that sometimes the Ramsey-type variant of a problem is strictly easier than the original problem (as Flood showed with weak König's lemma) and that sometimes the Ramsey-type variant of a problem is equivalent to the original problem. We show that the Ramsey-type variant of weak König's lemma is robust in the sense of Montalban: it is equivalent to several perturbations of itself. We also clarify the relationship between Ramsey-type weak König's lemma and algorithmic randomness by showing that Ramsey-type weak weak König's lemma is equivalent to the problem of finding diagonally non-recursive functions and that these problems are strictly easier than Ramsey-type weak König's lemma. This answers a question of Flood.

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arXiv2016

Coloring the rationals in reverse mathematics

Ramsey's theorem for pairs asserts that every 2-coloring of the pairs of integers has an infinite monochromatic subset. In this paper, we study a strengthening of Ramsey's theorem for pairs due to Erdos and Rado, which states that every 2-coloring of the pairs of rationals has either an infinite 0-homogeneous set or a 1-homogeneous set of order type eta, where eta is the order type of the rationals. This theorem is a natural candidate to lie strictly between the arithmetic comprehension axiom and Ramsey's theorem for pairs. This Erdos-Rado theorem, like the tree theorem for pairs, belongs to a family of Ramsey-type statements whose logical strength remains a challenge.

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