A dual reformulation of the complex sin^2-algorithm: exact identities, descent, and finiteness
We develop the structure theory of the deterministic $\sin^2$-type algorithm for complex cubic fields introduced in the companion paper, addressing the complex-signature case of Karpenkov's Problem 4. The selection rule is shown to be, exactly, the minimization of a conformal module: the hyperbolic cosine of the distance between the transverse complex structure of the state and the round point. All governing quantities are exact elements of the real embedding of the field and satisfy closed dual-type identities; in particular no isotropic candidate ever arises, and the transverse deviation lattice has exactly pinned covolume. We prove an unconditional soft-rebound lemma (the module can grow by at most the factor $\varphi^2 = 2.618\ldots$ in one step), a finiteness theorem for states of bounded module and height at fixed coordinate discriminant, with explicit static constants, and a per-field periodicity theorem under two named hypotheses: $(C_\kappa)$, contraction of the module in the high phase, partially reduced here to a fixed finite minimax over a five-parameter compact with rational objective; and (B), recurrence of bounded height, which we then prove under $(C_\kappa)$ alone: a height-descent theorem shows the height can never exceed $\max(H(s_0), C_H)$ with an explicit constant. The remaining program for per-field periodicity is reduced to (R) on the compact and to the proved stretched subcases. All proved statements and certificates are finite and exact. A machine-checked core of the paper is sealed in Lean 4, kernel-only, under the standard axioms: the analytic core of the height-descent theorem, the finiteness pigeonhole, the dual and conformal identity layer, and an abstract assembly theorem composing them through named interface hypotheses.