Different Singular Limits in a Gene Regulatory Network with Multiple Small Parameters
We consider a planar ODE system from an important class of models for gene regulatory dynamics. The system depends singularly on the steepness parameters $0<\varepsilon_1,\varepsilon_2 \ll 1$ and converges to a piecewise-smooth system as these parameters tend to zero. Unlike previous studies, we do not assume that $\varepsilon_1 = \varepsilon_2$. As a consequence, the dynamics when $(\varepsilon_1, \varepsilon_2) \to (0,0)$ depends upon how the limit is taken. Using a preliminary blow-up in parameter space, we identify three distinct singular limits. We perform a two-parameter bifurcation analysis in each case, and apply multiple geometric blow-ups in variable and parameter space to determine the bifurcation structure and the associated global dynamics. Bogdanov-Takens bifurcations are revealed in two of three cases, and in one case in particular, a regularised visible-invisible two-fold singularity is shown to organise the unfolding of singular bifurcations in the vicinity of canards. Our results show that the qualitative dynamics and overall sensitivity of the system to parameter variation depends on the relative size of the steepness parameters. More generally, the analytical framework developed herein provides a systematic approach to singular perturbation problems with multiple independent small parameters that should apply well beyond gene regulatory network models.