Scalable Optimization for Mobility-Aware Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging in Distribution Power Networks
Rapid growth in electric-vehicle (EV) charging demand is placing increasing stress on power distribution networks (PDNs), whose hosting capacity is often limited and spatially uneven. Beyond demonstrating that coordination can help, this paper answers an open question that is central for planners: What is the maximal achievable benefit of EV charging demand flexibility from spatial and temporal shifting in reducing overload-driven distribution upgrades at a regional scale? We introduce MAC (Mobility-Aware Coordinated EV charging) to establish a credible upper bound, which entails rethinking charging flexibility around individual mobility, fusing travel itineraries with feeder-level hosting-capacity data, and solving population-scale optimization with spatio-temporal coupling to certified near-optimality. (i) MAC expands feasible scheduling by coupling charging decisions over the full mobility horizon. Instead of enforcing per-session energy recovery, it only requires the EV state-of-charge (SOC) to remain sufficient for upcoming trips. (ii) MAC is computationally scalable via an iterated price response (IPR) scheme. Each iteration posts a locational-temporal price, collects the fleet's best responses in parallel, and updates the price from the observed capacity shortage. Custom batched subproblem solvers remove the per-iteration bottleneck of solving millions of best responses. In a future-oriented 30% EV adoption scenario for the San Francisco Bay Area, MAC almost eliminates overload-driven upgrade needs relative to unmanaged charging. Comparing across the baseline spectrum, mobility-aware flexibility alone removes most of the overload, outperforming even fully coordinated session-based charging, and coordination on top suppresses most of the remainder. Both levers are thus essential, and the resulting best-case benchmarks provide references for PDN planning and operations.