arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to M. Akiyama.
In this contribution we briefly describe our recent results on the properties of Lyman break galaxies at z~5 obtained from deep and wide blank field surveys using Subaru telescope, and through the comparison with samples at lower redshift ranges we discuss the evolution of star-forming galaxies in the early universe.
We present the XMM-Newton and the optical-VLT spectra along with the optical and the near-infrared photometric data of one of the brightest X-ray (F(2-10 keV)~1e-13 erg/s cm^2) extremely red objects (R-K>=5) discovered so far. The source, XBSJ0216-0435, belongs to the XMM-Newton Bright Serendipitous Survey and it has extreme X-ray-to-optical (~220) and X-ray-to-near-infrared (~60) flux ratios. Thanks to its brightness, the X-ray statistics are good enough for an accurate spectral analysis by which the presence of an X-ray obscured (NH>1e22 cm^-2) QSO (L(2-10 keV)=4e45 erg/s) is determined. A statistically significant (~99%) excess around 2 keV in the observed-frame suggests the presence of an emission line. By assuming that this feature corresponds to the iron Kalpha line at 6.4 keV, a first estimate of the redshift of the source is derived (z_x~2). The presence of a high redshift QSO2 has been finally confirmed through dedicated VLT optical spectroscopic observations (z_o=1.985+/-0.002). This result yields to an optical validation of a new X-ray Line Emitting Object (XLEO) for which the redshift has been firstly derived from the X-ray data. XBSJ0216-0435 can be considered one of the few examples of X-ray obscured QSO2 at high redshift for which a detailed X-ray and optical spectral analysis has been possible. The spectral energy distribution from radio to X-rays is also presented. Finally from the near-infrared data the luminosity and the stellar mass of the host galaxy has been estimated finding a new example of the coexistence at high-z between massive galaxies and powerful QSOs.
We report angular correlation function (ACF) of Lyman Break Galaxies (LBGs) with unprecedented statistical quality on the basis of 16,920 LBGs at z=4 detected in the 1 deg^2 sky of the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field. The ACF significantly departs from a power law, and shows an excess on small scale. Particularly, the ACF of LBGs with i'<27.5 have a clear break between the small and large-scale regimes at the angular separation of ~7'' whose projected length corresponds to the virial radius of dark halos with a mass of 10^11-12 Mo, indicating multiple LBGs residing in a single dark halo. Both on small (2''<theta<3'') and large (40''<theta<400'') scales, clustering amplitudes monotonically increase with luminosity for the magnitude range of i'=24.5-27.5, and the small-scale clustering shows a stronger luminosity dependence than the large-scale clustering. The small-scale bias reaches b~10-50, and the outskirts of small-scale excess extend to a larger angular separation for brighter LBGs. The ACF and number density of LBGs can be explained by the cold dark matter model.
We report the updated UV luminosity function (LF) of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z~5. Combining with lower redshift data, we found that the evolution of UV LF is differential depending on the UV luminosity; i.e., the number density of luminous LBGs does not change significantly from z=5 to 3, while the number density of faint (L<L*) galaxies increases by a factor of five. We also found the signs of differential evolution within other observational results for LBGs at z~5. UV-luminous objects show strong clustering, and they have weak or no Lyman-alpha emissions while showing prominent metal absorption lines. There is also a clear deficiency of objects with blue UV-optical colors for those bright in rest-frame optical bands (from the Spitzer/IRAC data obtained by the GOODS project). By the SED fitting using rest-frame optical to near-infrared photometry data it is suggested that most luminous objects at z~5 have already accumulated stellar mass more than 10^10 Msun. We discuss that this differential evolution might be understood as a consequence of the biased galaxy evolution.
We report results of deep optical spectroscopy with Subaru/FOCAS for Lyman Break Galaxy (LBG) candidates at z~5. So far, we made spectroscopic observations for 24 LBG candidates among ~200 bright (z'<25.0) LBG sample and confirmed 9 objects to be LBGs at z~5. Intriguingly, these bright LBGs show no or a weak Ly-alpha emission and relatively strong low ionization interstellar metal absorption lines. We also identified 2 faint (z'>25.0) objects to be at z~5 with their strong (EW_rest>20AA) Ly-alpha emission. Combining our results with other spectroscopic observations of galaxies at the similar redshift range, we found a clear luminosity dependence of EW_rest of Ly-alpha emission, i.e., the lack of strong Ly-alpha emission in bright LBGs. If the absence of Ly-alpha emission is due to dust absorption, these results suggest that bright LBGs at z~5 are in dusty and more chemically evolved environment than faint ones. This interpretation implies that bright LBGs started star formation earlier than faint ones, suggesting biased star formation.
We report the serendipitous discovery of several unresolved X-ray sources lying in the prominent spiral arms of the galaxy KUG 0214-057 in XMM-Newton observations. The location of these X-ray sources strongly suggests that at least three, and possibly four, of these may be physically related to the galaxy. The luminosity of each of these sources at the distance of KUG 0214-057 is > 5 x 10^39 erg/s (0.3-10 keV), making each a strong candidate ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX). Using the ULXs as a metric implies that this relatively low-mass galaxy may be experiencing rather intense starburst activity. The serendipitous discovery of these ULXs suggests that such objects are not a negligible component of the overall extragalactic X-ray source population.
We report the discovery of primeval large-scale structures (LSSs) including two proto-clusters in a forming phase at z=5.7. We carried out extensive deep narrow-band imaging in the 1 deg^2 sky of the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field, and obtained a cosmic map of 515 Ly alpha emitters (LAEs) in a volume with a transverse dimension of 180 Mpc x 180 Mpc and a depth of ~40 Mpc in comoving units. This cosmic map shows filamentary LSSs, including clusters and surrounding 10-40 Mpc scale voids, similar to the present-day LSSs. Our spectroscopic follow-up observations identify overdense regions in which two dense clumps of LAEs with a sphere of 1-Mpc diameter in physical units are included. These clumps show about 130 times higher star-formation rate density, mainly due to a large overdensity, ~80, of LAEs. These clumps would be clusters in a formation phase involving a burst of galaxy formation.
The Subaru Deep Field (SDF) project is a program of Subaru Observatory to carry out a deep galaxy survey over a blank field as large as 34'x27'. The program consists of very deep multi-band optical imaging, near infrared imaging for smaller portions of the field and follow-up optical spectroscopy. Major scientific goals of the project are to construct large samples of Lyman-break galaxies at z~4-5 and Lyman alpha emitters at z~5.7 and 6.6, and to make detailed studies these very high-redshift galaxy populations. In this paper, we describe the optical imaging observations and data reduction, presenting mosaicked images and object catalogs in seven bandpasses.The optical imaging was made through five broad-band filters, B, V, R, i', z', and two narrow-band filters, NB816 (lambda_c=8150A) and NB921 (lambda_c=9196A) with almost 10 hours long integrations for each band. The limiting magnitudes measured at 3-sigma on a 2" aperture are B=28.45, V=27.74, R=27.80, i'=27.43, z'=26.62, NB816=26.63, and NB921=26.54 in the AB system. The object catalog constructed for each of the seven bands contains more than 10^5 objects. The galaxy number counts corrected for detection incompleteness and star count contribution are found to be consistent with previous results in the literature. The mosaicked images and catalogs of all the bands have been made open to the public on Oct. 1, 2004 on the SDF project website at http://soaps.naoj.org/sdf/.
We report on the discovery of a star-forming galaxy at z=6.33 in the Subaru Deep Field. This object is selected as a candidate of an i'-dropout, high-redshift galaxy around z=6 because of its red i'-z' color in our deep optical imaging survey in the Subaru Deep Field. Our follow up optical spectroscopy reveals that this object is a strong Ly-alpha emitter with only very faint ultraviolet continuum. The rest-frame equivalent width of the detected Ly-alpha emission is as much as 130 A. Thus the light detected in our z' image is largely attributed to the Ly-alpha emission, i.e., ~40% of the z'-band flux is the strong Ly-alpha emission, giving a very red i'-z' color. This is consistent with the photometric property of this object because the narrow-band data obtained with the NB921 filter shows a significant depression, z'-NB921 = -0.54 mag. By using the photometric data, we show that some other objects among the 48 i'-dropout high-redshift galaxy candidates found in the Subaru Deep Field also show a significant NB921 depression. We briefly discuss the nature of these NB921-depressed objects.
We have performed a detailed analysis of 3 optically normal galaxies extracted from the XMM Bright Serendipitous Source Sample. Thanks to the good statistics of the XMM-Newton data, we have unveiled the presence of an AGN in all of them. In particular, we detect both X-ray obscured (N_H>10^{22} cm^{-2}) and unobscured (N_H<10^{22} cm^{-2}) AGN with intrinsic 2--10 keV luminosities in the range between 10^{42} -- 10^{43} erg s^{-1}. We find that the X-ray and optical properties of the sources discussed here could be explained assuming a standard AGN hosted by galaxies with magnitudes M_R<M^*, taking properly into account the absorption associated with the AGN, the optical faintness of the nuclear emission with respect to the host galaxy, and the inadequate set--up and atmospheric conditions during the optical spectroscopic observations. Our new spectroscopic observations have revealed the expected AGN features also in the optical band. These results clearly show that optical spectroscopy sometimes can be inefficient in revealing the presence of an AGN, which instead is clearly found from an X-ray spectroscopic investigation. This remarks the importance of being careful in proposing the identification of X-ray sources (especially at faint fluxes) when only low quality optical spectra are in hand. This is particularly important for faint surveys (such as those with XMM-Newton and Chandra), in which optically dull but X-ray active objects are being found in sizeable numbers.
(abridged) We present results of a search for Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z ~ 5 in a 618 square-arcmin field including the HDF-N taken by Subaru Prime Focus Camera. Utilizing the published redshift data of the HDF-N and its flanking fields, the color selection criteria are chosen so that LBGs are picked out most efficiently and least contaminated by foreground objects. The numbers of LBG candidates detected are 310 in 23.0 < I_c < 25.5. The rest-frame UV luminosity function(LF) of LBGs at z ~ 5 is derived statistically. The fraction of contamination is estimated to be ~50% in the faintest magnitude range. The completeness of the survey is ~80% at the bright part of the sample, and ~20% in the faintest magnitude range (25.0 < I_c <= 25.5). The LF of LBG candidates at z ~ 5 does not show a significant difference from those at z ~ 3 and 4, though there might be a slight decrease in the fainter part. The UV luminosity density within the observational limit is 0.56 - 0.69 times smaller than that obtained for LBGs at z ~ 3, depending on the adopted cosmology and the integration range of the LF. The similarity of the LFs at redshifts 5 to 3 implies that most of LBGs at z ~ 5 should have faded out at z ~ 3 and LBGs at z \~ 5 are different galaxies from those seen at z ~ 3, if we take face values for ages of the LBGs at z ~ 3 obtained by the SED fitting in which a continuous star formation in an individual galaxy is assumed. However, if the star formation in LBGs is sporadic, the similarity of the LF at z ~ 3 and 5 would be explained. Such sporadic star formation has been suggested by hydrodynamical simulations and semi-analytic models with collisional starbursts, and the trend of the cosmic star formation history predicted by these studies resembles to that estimated from the UV luminosity density within the observational limit.
The results of deep-imaging observations of a candidate of an absorbed QSO at z=0.653, AX J131831+3341, are presented. AX J131831+3341 was found during the course of optical follow-up observations of the ASCA Large Sky Survey, and has an X-ray luminosity of 10^{45} erg s^{-1} (2-10keV), which corresponds to those of QSOs. Its optical spectrum shows no significant broad H_beta emission line, suggesting that the object is an absorbed QSO. Deep R and V band images reveal the presence of a point-like nucleus and an asymmetric extended component. The nuclear component has a blue color, and the optical magnitude is much fainter than that expected from the observed X-ray flux for typical type-1 AGNs. These photometric properties and the presence of broad MgII 2800A emission can be explained simultaneously if the observed nuclear light is dominated by scattered nuclear light, though there is a possibility that the nuclear component is a slightly absorbed nucleus if its intrinsic X-ray to optical flux ratio is the largest among X-ray selected AGNs. The size of the extended component, which is thought to be the host galaxy of the QSO, is larger than those of normal disk galaxies at z=0-0.75, and the absolute magnitude is similar to those of the brightest host galaxies of QSOs at redshifts smaller than 0.5. The V-R and R-I colors of the component are consistent with a 1 Gyr-old stellar population model without absorption.
We present results of optical identification of the X-ray sources detected in the ASCA Large Sky Survey. Optical spectroscopic observations were done for 34 X-ray sources which were detected with the SIS in the 2-7 keV band above 3.5 sigma. The sources are identified with 30 AGNs, 2 clusters of galaxies, and 1 galactic star. Only 1 source is still unidentified. The flux limit of the sample corresponds to 1 x 10^{-13} erg s^{-1} cm^{-2} in the 2-10 keV band. Based on the sample, the paper discusses optical and X-ray spectral properties of the AGNs, contribution of the sources to the Cosmic X-ray Background, and redshift and luminosity distributions of the AGNs. An interesting result is that the redshift distribution of the AGNs suggests a deficiency of high-redshift (0.5 < z < 2) and luminous (Lx(2-10 keV) > 10^{44} erg s^{-1}) absorbed narrow-line AGNs (so called type 2 QSOs).
We carried out the first wide-area unbiased survey with the ASCA satellite in the 0.7-10 keV band around a north Galactic-pole region covering a continuous area of 7 square degrees (Large Sky Survey; LSS). To make the best use of ASCA capability, we developed a new source-detection method where the complicated detector responses are fully taken into account. Applying this method to the entire LSS data independently in the total (0.7-7 keV), hard (2-10 keV), and soft (0.7-2 keV) band, we detected 107 sources altogether with sensitivity limits of 6 x 10E-14 (0.7-7 keV), 1 x 10E-13 (2-10 keV), and 2 x 10E-14 erg sE-1 cmE-2 (0.7-2 keV), respectively. A complete list of the detected sources is presented. Based on detailed studies by Monte Carlo simulations, we evaluated effects of the source confusion and accurately derived Log N - Log S relation in each survey band. The Log N - Log S relation in the hard band is located on the extrapolation from the GINGA and HEAO1 results with the Euclidean slope of -3/2, while that in the soft band is consistent with the results by ROSAT. At these flux limits, 30 (+/- 3) percent of the CXB in the 0.7-7 keV band and 23 (+/- 3) percent in the 2-10 keV band have been resolved into discrete sources. The average spectrum of faint sources detected in the total band shows a photon index of 1.63 +/- 0.07 in the 0.7-10 keV range, consistent with the comparison of source counts between the hard and the soft energy band. Those detected in the hard band show a photon index of 1.49 +/- 0.10 in the 2-10 keV range. These spectral properties suggest that contribution of sources with hard energy spectra become significant at a flux of 10E-13 erg sE-1 cmE-2 (2-10 keV). The most plausible candidates are type-II AGNs, as indicated by on-going optical identifications.
We present results of optical identification of the ASCA Large Sky Survey. X-ray sources which have hard X-ray spectra were identified with type-2 AGN at redshifts smaller than 0.5. It is supported that the absorbed X-ray spectrum of type-2 AGN makes the Cosmic X-ray Background harder in the hard X-ray band than type-1 AGN, which is main contributer in the soft X-ray band. Absence of type-2 AGN at redshift larger than 1 in the identified sample, which contrasts to the existence of 6 broad-line QSOs, suggests a deficiency of so-called ``type-2 QSO'' at high redshift.
We report the optical identification of the hardest X-ray source (AX J131501+3141) detected in an unbiased wide-area survey in the 0.5--10 keV band, the ASCA Large Sky Survey. The X-ray spectrum of the source is very hard and is well reproduced by a power-law component (Gamma = 1.5^+0.7_-0.6) with N_H = 6^+4_-2 *10^22 cm^-2 (Sakano et al. 1998). We have found a galaxy with R=15.62 mag near the center of the error circle for the X-ray source. The optical spectrum of the galaxy shows only narrow emission lines whose ratios correspond to those of a type 2 Seyfert galaxy at z = 0.072, implying an absorption-corrected X-ray luminosity of 2*10^43 erg sec^-1 (2--10 keV) and M_B = -20.93 mag. A radio point source is also associated with the center of the galaxy. We thus identify the X-ray source with this galaxy as an obscured AGN. The hidden nature of the nucleus of the galaxy in the optical band is consistent with the X-ray spectrum. These results support the idea that the obscured AGNs/QSOs contribute significantly to the cosmic X-ray background in the hard band at the faint flux level.
The lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook modeled fluid has an unchangeable unit Prandtl number. A simple method is introduced in this letter to formulate a flexible Prandtl number for the modeled fluid. The effectiveness was demonstrated by numerical simulations of the Couette flow.
The thermal lattice BGK model is a recently suggested numerical tool which aims to simulate thermohydrodynamic problems. We investigate the quality of the lattice BGK simulation by calculating the temperature profiles in the Couette flow under different Eckert and Mach numbers. A revised lower order model is proposed and the higher order model is proved once again to be advantageous.