arXiv subjects

M. Alfaro

Publications and source records attributed to M. Alfaro.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2022

Adaptation in a heterogeneous environment II: To be three or not to be

We propose a model to describe the adaptation of a phenotypically structured population in a $H$-patch environment connected by migration, with each patch associated with a different phenotypic optimum, and we perform a rigorous mathematical analysis of this model. We show that the large-time behaviour of the solution (persistence or extinction) depends on the sign of a principal eigenvalue, $λ_H$, and we study the dependency of $λ_H$ with respect to $H$. This analysis sheds new light on the effect of increasing the number of patches on the persistence of a population, which has implications in agroecology and for understanding zoonoses; in such cases we consider a pathogenic population and the patches correspond to different host species. The occurrence of a springboard effect, where the addition of a patch contributes to persistence, or on the contrary the emergence of a detrimental effect by increasing the number of patches on the persistence, depends in a rather complex way on the respective positions in the phenotypic space of the optimal phenotypes associated with each patch. From a mathematical point of view, an important part of the difficulty in dealing with $H\ge 3$, compared to $H=1$ or $H=2$, comes from the lack of symmetry. Our results, which are based on a fixed point theorem, comparison principles, integral estimates, variational arguments, rearrangement techniques, and numerical simulations, provide a better understanding of these dependencies. In particular, we propose a precise characterisation of the situations where the addition of a third patch increases or decreases the chances of persistence, compared to a situation with only two patches.

math.AP↗

arXiv2013

On linearly related orthogonal polynomials in several variables

Let $\{\mathbb{P}_n\}_{n\ge 0}$ and $\{\mathbb{Q}_n\}_{n\ge 0}$ be two monic polynomial systems in several variables satisfying the linear structure relation $$\mathbb{Q}_n = \mathbb{P}_n + M_n \mathbb{P}_{n-1}, \quad n\ge 1,$$ where $M_n$ are constant matrices of proper size and $\mathbb{Q}_0 = \mathbb{P}_0$. The aim of our work is twofold. First, if both polynomial systems are orthogonal, characterize when that linear structure relation exists in terms of their moment functionals. Second, if one of the two polynomial systems is orthogonal, study when the other one is also orthogonal. Finally, some illustrative examples are presented.

math.CA↗

arXiv2012

Orthogonal polynomials generated by a linear structure relation: Inverse problem

Let $(P_n)_n$ and $(Q_n)_n$ be two sequences of monic polynomials linked by a type structure relation such as $$ Q_{n}(x)+r_nQ_{n-1}(x)=P_{n}(x)+s_nP_{n-1}(x)+t_nP_{n-2}(x)\;, $$ where $(r_n)_n$, $(s_n)_n$ and $(t_n)_n$ are sequences of complex numbers. First, we state necessary and sufficient conditions on the parameters such that the above relation becomes non-degenerate when both sequences $(P_n)_n$ and $(Q_n)_n$ are orthogonal with respect to regular moment linear functionals ${\bf u}$ and ${\bf v}$, respectively. Second, assuming that the above relation is non-degenerate and $(P_n)_n$ is an orthogonal sequence, we obtain a characterization for the orthogonality of the sequence $(Q_n)_n$ in terms of the coefficients of the polynomials $Φ$ and $Ψ$ which appear in the rational transformation (in the distributional sense) $Φ{\bf u}=Ψ{\bf v}\; .$ Some illustrative examples of the developed theory are presented.

math.CA↗

arXiv2010

A new approach to the asymptotics for Sobolev orthogonal polynomials

In this paper we deal with polynomials orthogonal with respect to an inner product involving derivatives, that is, a Sobolev inner product. Indeed, we consider Sobolev type polynomials which are orthogonal with respect to $$(f,g)=\int fg dμ+\sum_{i=0}^r M_i f^{(i)}(0) g^{(i)}(0), \quad M_i \ge 0,$$ where $μ$ is a certain probability measure with unbounded support. For these polynomials, we obtain the relative asymptotics with respect to orthogonal polynomials related to $μ$, Mehler--Heine type asymptotics and their consequences about the asymptotic behaviour of the zeros. To establish these results we use a new approach different from the methods used in the literature up to now. The development of this technique is highly motivated by the fact that the methods used when $μ$ is bounded do not work.

math.CA↗

arXiv2009

Asymptotics for a generalization of Hermite polynomials

We consider a generalization of the classical Hermite polynomials by the addition of terms involving derivatives in the inner product. This type of generalization has been studied in the literature from the point of view of the algebraic properties. Thus, our aim is to study the asymptotics of this sequence of nonstandard orthogonal polynomials. In fact, we obtain Mehler--Heine type formulas for these polynomials and, as a consequence, we prove that there exists an acceleration of the convergence of the smallest positive zeros of these generalized Hermite polynomials towards the origin.

math.CA↗

arXiv2009

Orthogonal polynomials associated with an inverse quadratic spectral transform

Let $\{P_n \}_{n\ge0}$ be a sequence of monic orthogonal polynomials with respect to a quasi--definite linear functional $u$ and $\{Q_n \}_{n\ge0}$ a sequence of polynomials defined by $$Q_n(x)=P_n(x)+s_n P_{n-1}(x)+t_n P_{n-2}(x),\quad n\ge1,$$ with $t_n \not= 0$ for $n\ge2$. We obtain a new characterization of the orthogonality of the sequence $\{Q_n \}_{n\ge0}$ with respect to a linear functional $v$, in terms of the coefficients of a quadratic polynomial $h$ such that $h(x)v= u$. We also study some cases in which the parameters $s_n$ and $t_n$ can be computed more easily, and give several examples. Finally, the interpretation of such a perturbation in terms of the Jacobi matrices associated with $\{P_n \}_{n\ge0}$ and $\{Q_n \}_{n\ge0}$ is presented.

math.CA↗

arXiv2007

When do linear combinations of orthogonal polynomials yield new sequences of orthogonal polynomials?

Given $\{P_n \}$ a sequence of monic orthogonal polynomials, we analyze their linear combinations $\{Q_n \}$with constant coefficients and fixed length $k+1$. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the orthogonality of the monic sequence $\{Q_n \}$ as well as an interesting interpretation in terms of the Jacobi matrices associated with $\{P_n \}$ and $\{Q_n \}$. Moreover, in the case $k=2$, we characterize the families $\{P_n \}$ such that the corresponding polynomials $\{Q_n \}$ are also orthogonal.

math.CA↗

arXiv2007

Sobolev orthogonal polynomials: balance and asymptotics

Let $μ_0$ and $μ_1$ be measures supported on an unbounded interval and $S_{n,λ_n}$ the extremal varying Sobolev polynomial which minimizes \begin{equation*} < P, P >_{λ_n}=\int P^2 dμ_0 + λ_n \int P'^2 dμ_1, \quad λ_n >0 \end{equation*} \noindent in the class of all monic polynomials of degree $n$. The goal of this paper is twofold. On one hand, we discuss how to balance both terms of this inner product, that is, how to choose a sequence $(λ_n)$ such that both measures $μ_0$ and $μ_1$ play a role in the asymptotics of $(S_{n, λ_n}).$ On the other, we apply such ideas to the case when both $μ_0$ and $μ_1$ are Freud weights. Asymptotics for the corresponding $S_{n, λ_n}$ are computed, illustrating the accuracy of the choice of $λ_n .$

math.CA↗