arXiv subjects

M. Di Criscienzo

Publications and source records attributed to M. Di Criscienzo.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

On the use of field RR Lyrae as Galactic probes:. IX. Radial velocities

We present the largest and most homogeneous catalog of radial velocity (RV) measurements for field RR Lyrae (RRL) variables, based on both proprietary and publicly available spectroscopic data. The sample includes 17,563 RRLs pulsating in the fundamental mode (12,353 RRab), in the first overtone (5,011 RRc), and in double-mode (199 RRd). The RV curve (RVC) templates for metallic and Balmer lines were used to derive RV amplitudes and $V_γ$ velocities, defined as the RV of the stellar barycenter with respect to the Sun. The typical accuracy across the catalog is on average 3.8 km s$^{-1}$ for well-sampled RVCs, 6.5 km s$^{-1}$ for RVCs with 3-7 phase points and 11.3 km s$^{-1}$ for RVCs with fewer than three phase points. The use of different spectroscopic diagnostics and RVC templates provides, within the errors, very similar $V_γ$ velocities. We found that the metallicity dependence of RV amplitudes is vanishing for metallic lines, but becomes increasingly significant for H$γ$ and H$δ$. Moreover, the scaling relations between photometric (V, $G_{BP}$, G, $G_{RP}$) and RV amplitudes are linear for RRc and nonlinear for RRab variables, independently of the adopted diagnostic. This circumstantial evidence indicates that convection affects more luminosity than RV amplitudes when moving from the blue (hot) to the red (cool) edge of the instability strip. The spectroscopic Bailey diagram (RV amplitude versus period) shows a smooth transition and a reduced spread at a fixed period, when moving from metal-poor to metal-rich RRLs. Finally, we also found evidence that the metallicity distribution function of Blazhko RRLs is skewed toward the metal-intermediate and metal-rich regimes.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2026

AGILE: an end-to-end Rubin-LSST simulation of AGNs, galaxies, and stars I. Software description and first data release

Contemporary large-scale surveys such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) and Euclid present an unprecedented discovery potential for studying AGNs at the population level in the big data era. However, one major challenge is the accurate identification and classification of AGNs from optical/NIR photometry, or variability data alone. In order to optimize AGN selection, classification, and systematics, as well as to test different data analysis tools, we present AGILE (AGNs In the LSST Era), an LSST end-to-end simulation software. AGILE -- developed as part of the INAF LSST in-kind contribution -- is capable of simulating the anticipated AGN population in LSST and Euclid. We based AGILE on existing simulations of galaxies and stars, while we developed an AGN recipe based on empirical relations. AGILE populates complete galaxy samples with AGNs according to the observed AGN accretion rate distribution, and each AGN is assigned an optical/UV spectral energy distribution. Optical AGN variability is added using a damped random walk model connected to the AGN physical parameters. Finally, AGILE creates both LSST-like images and related data products. Using AGILE, we build a $24$ deg$^2$ complete mock truth catalog of AGNs, galaxies, and stars with $0.2 < z < 5.5$, $\log M/M_\odot > 8.5$ (AGNs and galaxies), and $r < 27.5$ mag (stars). We perform a pilot simulation (AGILE DR1) consisting of $1$ deg$^2$ of LSST operations in the COSMOS field observed up to three years according to the survey strategy. We use AGILE DR1 to quantify the accuracy of the LSST Science Pipelines in recovering true fluxes of AGNs, galaxies, and stars. We quantify the LSST completeness and purity in recovering Type 1 AGNs using typical color-color and variability selections. We share the AGILE DR1 dataset, an ideal test-bench for further scientific exploitation.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes -- VIII. Early Formation of the Galactic Spheroid

We introduce a new photometric catalog of RR Lyrae variables (RRLs, $\sim$300,000) mainly based on data available in public datasets. We also present the largest and most homogeneous spectroscopic dataset of RRLs and Blue Horizontal Branch [BHB] stars ever collected. This includes radial velocity measurements ($\sim$16,000) and iron abundances ($Δ$S method for 8,140 RRLs, plus 547 from literature). Elemental abundances based on high-resolution spectra are provided for 487 RRLs and 64 BHB stars. We identified candidate RRLs associated to the main Galactic components and their iron distribution function (IDF) becomes more metal-rich when moving from the Halo ([Fe/H]=-1.56) to the Thick (TCD; [Fe/H]=-1.47) and Thin (TND; [Fe/H]=-0.73) disk. Furthermore, Halo RRLs and RRLs in retrograde orbits are $α$-enhanced ([$α$/Fe]=0.27, $σ$=0.18), while TCD RRLs are either $α$-enhanced ([Fe/H]$\le$-1.0) or $α$-poor ([Fe/H]$>$-1.0), and TND RRLs are mainly $α$-poor ([$α$/Fe]=-0.01, $σ$=0.20). We also identified RRLs associated to the main stellar streams (Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus [GSE]; Sequoia, Helmi, Sagittarius) and we found that their IDFs are quite similar to Halo RRLs. However, GSE RRLs lack the metal-poor/metal-rich tails and their $α$-element distribution is quite compact. The iron radial gradient in Galactocentric distance for TND, TCD and Halo RRLs is negative and it decreases from -0.026, to -0.010, and to -0.002 dex/kpc. The iron radial gradient based on dry Halo (Halo without substructures) RRLs is, within the errors, equal to the global Halo. We also found a strong similarity between iron and [$α$/Fe] radial gradients of Milky Way RRLs and M31 globular clusters throughout the full range of galactocentric distances covered by the two samples.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

Discovery of SiC and Iron Dust Around AGB Stars in the very Metal-Poor Sextans A Dwarf Galaxy with JWST: Implications for Dust Production at High Redshift

Low-resolution infrared spectroscopy from JWST confirms the presence of SiC and likely metallic iron dust around asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the Sextans A dwarf galaxy, which has a metallicity ~1%-7% Z_sun. While metal-poor carbon-rich AGB stars are known to produce copious amounts of amorphous carbon dust owing to the dredge up of newly synthesized carbon, this is the first time that Si- and Fe-bearing dust has been detected at this extreme metallicity. Of the six AGB stars observed, one is an intermediate-mass (~1.2-4 M_sun) carbon star showing SiC dust, and another is an oxygen-rich M-type star with mass ~4-5 M_sun that is likely undergoing hot bottom burning. The infrared excess of the M-type star is strong, but featureless. We tested multiple dust species, and find that it is best fit with metallic iron dust. Assuming its dust-production rate stays constant over the final 2-3x10^4 yr of its evolution, this star will produce ~0.9-3.7 times the iron dust mass predicted by models, with the range depending on the adopted stellar mass. The implications for dust production in high-redshift galaxies are potentially significant, especially regarding the assumed dust species used in dust evolution models and the timescale of AGB dust formation. Stars on the upper end of the AGB mass range can begin producing dust as early as 30-50 Myr after they form, and they may therefore rival dust production by supernovae at high redshift.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

Ultra Long Period Cepheids as standard candles from Gaia to Rubin-LSST

An analysis of the Ultra Long Period Cepheids (ULPs) properties could significantly contribute to understanding the Hubble constant tension, e.g. the current discrepancy between determinations based on local distance indicators and those relying on cosmic microwave background measurements. These highly luminous variables are observable beyond 100 Mpc, so if they were confirmed to behave as standard candles, they would allow us a direct measurement of cosmological distances without any secondary distance indicator, thus reducing potential systematic errors in the calibration of the cosmic distance scale. This paper presents an analysis of the largest known sample of 73 ULPs, including 15 objects in nearby galaxies, with new accurate and homogeneous photometry obtained by Gaia DR3, and a new object, in our Galaxy, identified as Long Period Variable in Gaia DR3, but recently reclassified as ULP. The obtained results suggest that, by improving photometric accuracy, the ULP Period-Wesenheit relation shows a smaller dispersion than that obtained in literature and is in better agreement with the Classical Cepheid (CC) one, supporting the hypothesis that ULPs are the extension of the CCs at higher period, mass and luminosity. However, to reach this aim, it is necessary to enrich the sample with high-quality data. The Rubin-LSST survey offers the possibility to achieve this thanks to its photometric characteristics and time extension. In particular, we will explore the capabilities of the Rubin-LSST survey to recover ULP theoretical light-curves by using a new tool called PulsationStarRecovery, built by our group for this type of analysis.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2024

Light curve's recovery with Rubin-LSST: II. UnVEiling the darknesS of The gAlactic buLgE (VESTALE) with RR Lyrae

This work is part of VESTALE, a project initiated within the Rubin-LSST Cadence Strategy Optimization Process . Its goal is to explore the potential of Rubin-LSST observations aimed at the Galaxy's bulge (Bulge) for studying RR Lyrae stars (RRL). Observation and analysis of RR Lyrae stars in the Bulge are crucial for tracing the old population of the central part of our galaxy and reconstructing the history of Bulge formation. Based on observations conducted with CTIO/DECam by Saha et al. 2019 towards the Baade Window, our simulations demonstrate that early Rubin-LSST observations will enable the recovery of RR Lyrae light curves at Galactic center distances with sufficient precision. This will allow us to utilize theoretical relations from Marconi et al. 2022 to determine their distances and/or metallicity, following the REDIME algorithm introduced in Bono et al. 2019. We show how reddening and crowding affect our simulations and highlight the importance of considering these effects when deriving pulsation parameters (luminosity amplitudes, mean magnitudes) based on the light curves especially if the goal is to explore the opposite side of the Bulge through the observation of its RRL. The simulations discussed in this investigation were conducted to support the SCOC's decision to observe this important sky region since it has only recently been decided to include part of the Bulge as a target within the LSST main survey.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2023

Hubble Space Telescope survey of Magellanic Cloud star clusters. UV-dim stars in young clusters

Young and intermediate-age star clusters of both Magellanic Clouds exhibit complex color-magnitude diagrams. In addition to the extended main-sequence turn-offs (eMSTOs), commonly observed in star clusters younger than ~2 Gyr, the clusters younger than ~800 Myr exhibit split main sequences (MSs). These comprise a blue MS, composed of stars with low-rotation rates, and a red MS, which hosts fast-rotating stars. While it is widely accepted that stellar populations with different rotation rates are responsible for the eMSTOs and split MSs, their formation and evolution are still debated. A recent investigation of the ~1.7 Gyr old cluster NGC1783 detected a group of eMSTO stars extremely dim in UV bands. Here, we use multi-band Hubble Space Telescope photometry to investigate five star clusters younger than ~200 Myr, including NGC1805, NGC1818, NGC1850, and NGC2164 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, and the Small-Magellanic Cloud cluster NGC330. We discover a group of bright MS stars in each cluster that are significantly dim in the F225W and F275W bands, similar to what is observed in NGC1783. Our result suggests that UV-dim stars are common in young clusters. The evidence that most of them populate the blue MS indicates that they are slow rotators. As a byproduct, we show that the star clusters NGC1850 and BHRT5b exhibit different proper motions, thus corroborating the evidence that they are not gravitationally bound.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

Hubble Space Telescope survey of Magellanic Cloud star clusters. Photometry and astrometry of 113 clusters and early results

In the past years, we have undertaken an extensive investigation of LMC and SMC star clusters based on HST data. We present photometry and astrometry of stars in 101 fields observed with the WFC/ACS, UVIS/WFC3 and NIR/WFC3 cameras. These fields comprise 113 star clusters. We provide differential-reddening maps and illustrate various scientific outcomes that arise from the early inspection of the photometric catalogs. In particular, we provide new insights on the extended main-sequence turn-off (eMSTO) phenomenon: i) We detected eMSTOs in two clusters, KMHK361 and NGC265, which had no previous evidence of multiple populations. This finding corroborates the conclusion that the eMSTO is a widespread phenomenon among clusters younger than ~2 Gyr. ii) The homogeneous color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of 19 LMC clusters reveal that the distribution of stars along the eMSTO depends on cluster age. iii) We discovered a new feature along the eMSTO of NGC1783, which consists of a distinct group of stars going on the red side of the eMSTO in CMDs composed of ultraviolet filters. Furthermore, we derived the proper motions of stars in the fields of view of clusters with multi-epoch images. Proper motions allowed us to separate the bulk of bright field stars from cluster members and investigate the internal kinematics of stellar populations in various LMC and SMC fields. As an example, we analyze the field around NGC346 to disentangle the motions of its stellar populations, including NGC364 and BS90, young and pre-MS stars in the star-forming region associated with NGC346, and young and old field stellar populations of the SMC. Based on these results and the fields around five additional clusters, we find that young SMC stars exhibit elongated proper-motion distributions that point toward the LMC, thus bringing new evidence for a kinematic connection between the LMC and SMC.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

On the Use of Field RR Lyrae as Galactic Probes. VI. Mixed mode RR Lyrae variables in Fornax and in nearby dwarf galaxies

We investigate the properties of the mixed-mode (RRd) RR Lyrae (RRL) variables in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy by using $B$- and $V$-band time series collected over twenty-four years. We compare the properties of the RRds in Fornax with those in the Magellanic Clouds and in nearby dSphs, with special focus on Sculptor. We found that the ratio of RRds over the total number of RRLs decreases with metallicity. Typically, dSphs have very few RRds with 0.49$\ltsim P_0 \ltsim $0.53 days, but Fornax fills this period gap in the Petersen diagram (ratio between first overtone over fundamental period versus fundamental period). We also found that the distribution in the Petersen diagram of Fornax RRds is similar to SMC RRds, thus suggesting that their old stars have a similar metallicity distribution. We introduce the Period-Amplitude RatioS (PARS) diagram, a new pulsation diagnostics independent of distance and reddening. We found that LMC RRds in this plane are distributed along a short- and a long-period sequence that we identified as the metal-rich and the metal-poor component. These two groups are also clearly separated in the Petersen and Bailey (luminosity amplitude versus logarithmic period) diagrams. These circumstantial evidence indicates that the two groups have different evolutionary properties. All the pulsation diagnostics adopted in this investigation suggest that old stellar populations in Fornax and Sculptor dSphs underwent different chemical enrichment histories. Fornax RRds are similar to SMC RRds, while Sculptor RRds are more similar to the metal-rich component of the LMC RRds.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2020

Evolutionary and pulsation properties of Type II Cepheids

We discuss the observed pulsation properties of Type II Cepheids (TIICs) in the Galaxy and Magellanic Clouds. The period (P) distributions, luminosity amplitudes and population ratios of the three different sub-groups (BL Herculis[BLH, P<5 days], W Virginis [WV, 5 20 days]) are quite similar in different stellar systems, suggesting a common evolutionary channel and a mild dependence on both metallicity and environment. We present a homogeneous theoretical framework based on Horizontal Branch (HB) evolutionary models, envisaging that TIICs are mainly old (t<10 Gyr), low-mass stars. The BLHs are predicted to be post early asymptotic giant branch (PEAGB) stars (double shell burning) on the verge of reaching their AGB track (first crossing of the instability strip), while WVs are a mix of PEAGB and post-AGB stars (hydrogen shell burning) moving from cool to hot (second crossing). Thus suggesting that they are a single group of variable stars. RVTs are predicted to be a mix of post-AGB stars along their second crossing (short-period tail) and thermally pulsing AGB stars (long-period tail) evolving towards their white dwarf cooling sequence. We also present several sets of synthetic HB models by assuming a bimodal mass distribution along the HB. Theory suggests, in agreement with observations, that TIIC pulsation properties marginally depend on metallicity. Predicted period distributions and population ratios for BLHs agree quite well with observations, while those for WVs and RVTs are almost a factor of two smaller and larger than observed, respectively. Moreover, the predicted period distributions for WVs peak at periods shorter than observed, while those for RVTs display a long period tail not supported by observations. We investigate several avenues to explain these differences, but more detailed calculations are required to address them.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2020

Characterization of M-stars in the LMC in the JWST era

We study the M-type asymptotic giant branch (AGB) population of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) by characterizing the individual sources in terms of the main properties of the progenitors and of the dust present in the circumstellar envelope. To this aim, we compare the combination of the spectroscopic and photometric data collected by Spitzer, complemented by additional photometric results available in the literature, with results from AGB modelling that include the description of dust formation in the wind. To allow the interpretation of a paucity stars likely evolving through the post-AGB phase, we extended the available evolutionary sequences to reach the PN phase. The main motivation of the present analysis is to prepare the future observations of the evolved stellar populations of Local Group galaxies that will be done by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), by identifying the combination of filters that will maximize the possibilities of characterizing the observed sources. The present results show that for the M-star case the best planes to be used for this purpose are the colour-magnitude ([F770W]-[F2550W], [F770W]) and (Ks-[F770W], [F770W]) planes. In these observational diagrams the sequences of low-mass stars evolving in the AGB phases before the achievement of the C-star stage and of massive AGBs experiencing hot bottom burning are clearly separated and peculiar sources, such as post-AGB, dual-dust chemistry and iron-dust stars can be easily identified

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2019

Discovery of stars surrounded by iron dust in the LMC

We consider a small sample of oxygen-rich, asymptotic giant branch stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud, observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope, exhibiting a peculiar spectral energy distribution, which can be hardly explained by the common assumption that dust around AGB stars is primarily composed of silicate grains. We suggest that this uncommon class of objects are the progeny of a metal-poor generation of stars, with metallicity $Z \sim 1-2\times 10^{-3}$, formed $\sim 100$ Myr ago. The main dust component in the circumstellar envelope is solid iron. In these stars the poor formation of silicates is set by the strong nucleosynthesis experienced at the base of the envelope, which provokes a scarcity of magnesium atoms and water molecules, required to the silicate formation. The importance of the present results to interpret the data from the incoming James Webb Space Telescope is also discussed.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2018

The Gaia-LSST Synergy: resolved stellar populations in selected Local Group stellar systems

This project aims at exploiting the wide-field and limiting-magnitude capabilities of the LSST to fully characterise the resolved stellar populations in/around six Local Group stellar systems of different morphological type at ~30 to ~400 kpc distance from us. We selected targets that host red giant branch (RGB) stars which are within the reach of Gaia and not yet (all) saturated with the LSST. We will use RR Lyrae stars, Cepheids, SX Phoenicis, delta Scuti stars and Long Period Variables, along with the Color Magnitude Diagram of the resolved stellar populations in these 6 systems to: i) trace their different stellar generations over a spatial extension and with a depth that only the LSST can achieve; ii) measure their distances using variable stars of different type/parent stellar population and the Tip of the RGB; iii) map their 3D structures up to the periphery of their halos; iv) search for tidal streams; and v) study their Star Formation Histories over unprecedented large fractions of their bodies. Our ultimate goals are to provide a complete picture of these nearby stellar systems all the way through to their periphery, and to directly link and cross-calibrate the Gaia and LSST projects.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2018

Extended main sequence turnoff as a common feature of Milky Way open clusters

We present photometric analysis of twelve Galactic open clusters and show that the same multiple-population phenomenon observed in Magellanic Clouds (MCs) is present in nearby open clusters. Nearly all the clusters younger than $\sim$2.5 Gyr of both MCs exhibit extended main-sequence turnoffs (eMSTOs) and all the cluster younger than $\sim$700 Myr show broadened/split main sequences (MSs). High-resolution spectroscopy has revealed that these clusters host stars with a large spread in the observed projected rotations. In addition to rotation, internal age variation is indicated as a possible responsible for the eMSTOs, making these systems the possible young counterparts of globular clusters with multiple populations. Recent work has shown that the eMSTO+broadened MSs are not a peculiarity of MCs clusters. Similar photometric features have been discovered in a few Galactic open clusters, challenging the idea that the color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of these systems are similar to single isochrones and opening new windows to explore the eMSTO phenomenon. We exploit photometry+proper motions from Gaia DR2 to investigate the CMDs of open clusters younger than $\sim$1.5 Gyr. Our analysis suggests that: (i) twelve open clusters show eMSTOs and/or broadened MSs, that cannot be due neither to field contamination, nor binaries; (ii) split/broadened MSs are observed in clusters younger than $\sim$700 Myr, while older objects display only an eMSTO, similarly to MCs clusters; (iii) the eMSTO, if interpreted as a pure age spread, increases with age, following the relation observed in MCs clusters and demonstrating that rotation is the responsible for this phenomenon.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2018

On the faint-end of the galaxy luminosity function in the Epoch of Reionization: updated constraints from the HST Frontier Fields

Ultra-faint galaxies are hosted by small dark matter halos with shallow gravitational potential wells, hence their star formation activity is more sensitive to feedback effects. The shape of the faint-end of the high-$z$ galaxy luminosity function (LF) contains important information on star formation and its interaction with the reionization process during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). High-$z$ galaxies with $M_{\rm UV}\gtrsim-17$ have only recently become accessible thanks to the Frontier Fields (FFs) survey combining deep {\it HST} imaging and the gravitational lensing effect. In this paper we investigate the faint-end of the LF at redshift $>$5 using the data of FFs clusters Abell 2744 (A2744), MACSJ0416.1-2403 (M0416), MACSJ0717.5+3745 (M0717) and MACSJ1149.5+2223 (M1149). We analyze both an empirical and a physically-motivated LF model to obtain constraints on a possible turn-over of LF at faint magnitudes. In the empirical model the LF drops fast when the absolute UV magnitude $M_{\rm UV}$ is much larger than a turn-over absolute UV magnitude $M_{\rm UV}^{\rm T}$. We obtain $M_{\rm UV}^{\rm T}\gtrsim-14.6 $ (15.2) at 1 (2) $σ$ confidence level (C.L.) for $z\sim6$. In the physically-motivated analytical model, star formation in halos with circular velocity below $v_c^*$ is fully quenched if these halos are located in ionized regions. Using updated lensing models and new additional FFs data, we re-analyze previous constraints on $v_c^*$ and $f_{\rm esc}$ presented by Castellano et al. 2016a (C16a) using a smaller dataset. We obtain new constraints on $v_c^*\lesssim 59$ km s$^{-1}$ and $f_{\rm esc}\lesssim 56\%$ (both at 2$σ$ C.L.) and conclude that there is no turn-over detected so far from the analyzed FFs data. Forthcoming {\it JWST} observations will be key to tight these constraints further.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2018

Evolved stars in the Local Group galaxies - III. AGB and RSG stars in Sextans A

We study the evolved stellar population of the galaxy Sextans A. This galaxy is one of the lowest metallicity dwarfs in which variable asymptotic giant branch stars have been detected, suggesting that little metal enrichment took place during the past history. The analysis consists in the characterization of a sample of evolved stars, based on evolutionary tracks of asymptotic giant branch and red super giant stars, which include the description of dust formation in their winds. Use of mid-infrared and near-infrared data allowed us to identify carbon-rich sources, stars undergoing hot bottom burning and red super giants. The dust production rate, estimated as $6\times 10^{-7} M_{\odot}/$yr, is dominated by $\sim 10$ carbon stars, with a small contribution of higher mass M-stars, of the order of $4\times 10^{-8} M_{\odot}/$yr. The importance of this study to understand how dust production works in metal-poor environments is also evaluated.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2018

Women Scientists Who Made Nuclear Astrophysics

Female role models reduce the impact on women of stereotype threat, i.e., of being at risk of conforming to a negative stereotype about one's social, gender, or racial group. This can lead women scientists to underperform or to leave their scientific career because of negative stereotypes such as, not being as talented or as interested in science as men. Sadly, history rarely provides role models for women scientists; instead, it often renders these women invisible. In response to this situation, we present a selection of twelve outstanding women who helped to develop nuclear astrophysics.

physics.hist-ph↗

arXiv2018

Discovery of extended main sequence turn offs in Galactic open clusters

By far, the color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of Galactic open clusters have been considered proto-types of single stellar populations. By using photometry in ultraviolet and optical bands we discovered that the nearby young cluster NGC6705 (M11) exhibits an extended main-sequence turn off (eMSTO) and a broadened main-sequence (MS). This is the first evidence of multiple stellar populations in a Galactic open cluster. By using high-resolution VLT spectra we provide direct evidence that the multiple sequences along the CMD correspond to stellar populations with different rotation rates. Specifically, the blue MS is formed of slow-rotating stars, while red-MS stars are fast rotators. Moreover, we exploit photometry from Gaia DR2 to show that three Galactic open clusters, namely NGC2099, NGC2360, and NGC2818, exhibit the eMSTO, thus suggesting that it is a common feature among these objects. Our previous work on the Large Magellanic Cloud star cluster NGC1818 shows that slowly and fastly-rotating stars populate the blue and red MS observed in its CMD. The similarities between M11 and the young clusters of the Magellanic Clouds suggest that rotation is responsible for the appearance of multiple populations in the CMDs of both Milky Way open clusters and Magellanic Clouds young clusters.

astro-ph.SR↗