Enhanced quantum sensing with multi-level structures of trapped ions
We present a method of sensing AC magnetic fields. The method is based on the construction of a robust qubit by the application of continuous driving fields. Specifically, magnetic noise and power fluctuations of the driving fields do not operate within the robust qubit subspace, and hence, robustness to both external and controller noise is achieved. We consider trapped-ion based implementation via the dipole transitions, which is relevant for several types of ions, such as the $^{40}{\rm{Ca}}^{+}$, $^{88}{\rm{Sr}}^{+}$, and the $^{138}{\rm{Ba}}^{+}$ ions. Taking experimental errors into account, we conclude that the coherence time of the robust qubit can be improved by up to $\sim 4$ orders of magnitude compared to the coherence time of the bare states. We show how the robust qubit can be utilized for the task of sensing AC magnetic fields, leading to an improvement of $\sim 2$ orders of magnitude of the sensitivity. In addition, we present a microwave based sensing scheme that is suitable for ions with a hyperfine structure, such as the $^{9}{\rm{Be}}^{+}$,$^{25}{\rm{Mg}}^{+}$,$^{43}{\rm{Ca}}^{+}$,$^{87}{\rm{Sr}}^{+}$,$^{137}{\rm{Ba}}^{+}$,$^{111}{\rm{Cd}}^{+}$,$^{171}{\rm{Yb}}^{+}$, and the $^{199}{\rm{Hg}}^{+}$ ions. This scheme enables the enhanced sensing of high frequency fields at the GHz level.