arXiv subjects

M. Durkin

Publications and source records attributed to M. Durkin.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

A microwave SQUID multiplexing concept for macro-cryogenic calorimeter arrays

Massive cryogenic calorimeters read out by transition-edge sensors (TES) can reach eV-scale baseline resolution, but the single-channel dc-SQUID readout conventionally used in rare-event searches, with one amplifier chain and several wires per detector, limits practical arrays to a few tens of channels. We propose to apply microwave SQUID multiplexing ($\mu$MUX), developed for fast X-ray and neutrino-mass microcalorimeters, to massive BGO (Bi$_4$Ge$_3$O$_{12}$) calorimeters operated at $\simeq 20$~mK; sapphire and TeO$_2$ absorbers are covered by the same framework. Using the established thermal and noise model for massive TES calorimeters, we derive a noise model for the multiplexed readout, including the HEMT, two-level-system and SQUID contributions, and its scaling with the multiplexing factor $N_{\rm mux}$. Since the slow thermal signals require only about a kHz of sampling per channel, the limiting requirement is not bandwidth but an input-coil sensitivity of $( 0.1$ to $1)\,\mu$A$/\Phi_0$, a factor of $10$ to $30$ beyond current $\mu$MUX devices, matched to the detector current noise of ($9$ to $10$)~pA$/\sqrt{\rm Hz}$, which is independent of the absorber mass. With a total flux noise of $\simeq$$1.2\,\mu\Phi_0/\sqrt{\rm Hz}$, the readout degrades the baseline resolution by less than $2\%$ up to $N_{\rm mux}=1000$, negligible compared with the TES-limited resolution. These results are implemented in a single-tower design: 52 BGO crystals of 100~g each and one HEMT amplifier. The tower is the unit of a multi-tower array of several kilograms aimed at CE$\nu$NS and dark matter searches.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

Advanced Time-Division Multiplexed Readout Chain for the BICEP Array 90/150 GHz Receiver

This work presents the current performance of the advanced time-division multiplexed (TDM) readout chain for the BICEP Array 90/150 GHz receiver. BA4-90/150, scheduled for deployment to the South Pole in 2026--27, will use photon-noise-limited, feedhorn-coupled transition edge sensor detectors and an upgraded DC SQUID-based TDM system to map the cosmic microwave background. This new TDM system mitigates readout-induced systematics that are beginning to emerge above the noise floor of the most sensitive maps produced by the BICEP collaboration. Improvements include faster, fully differential SQUID designs, higher TES signal amplification, reduced crosstalk, and hierarchical row-addressing that reduces wiring required for row switching. Measurements made through legacy single-ended warm readout electronics show the upgraded cryogenic readout chain performs as well as or better than the TDM system currently fielded on the BICEP experiment. New warm electronics currently in development at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory will provide matched fully differential circuits and higher bandwidth, reducing RF susceptibility and aliased noise contributions. On-sky demonstration of this technology will establish a new low-noise, high-bandwidth TDM architecture for future CMB observatories.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2025

Noise limits for dc SQUID readout of high-$Q$ resonators below 300 MHz

We present the limits on noise for the readout of cryogenic high-$Q$ resonators using dc Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) below 300 MHz. This analysis uses realized first-stage SQUIDs (previously published), whose performance is well described by Tesche-Clarke (TC) theory, coupled directly to the resonators. We also present data from a prototype second-stage dc SQUID array designed to couple to this first-stage SQUID as a follow-on amplifier with high system bandwidth. This analysis is the first full consideration of dc SQUID noise performance referred to a high-$Q$ resonator over this frequency range, and is presented relative to the standard quantum limit. We include imprecision, backaction, and backaction-imprecision noise correlations from TC theory, the noise contributed by the second-stage SQUIDs, wiring, and preamplifiers, and optimizations for both on-resonance measurements and off-resonance scan sensitivity. This architecture has modern relevance due to the increased interest in axion searches and the requirements of the DMRadio-m$^3$ axion search, which will use dc SQUIDs in this frequency range.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2024

System performance of a TDM test-bed with long flex harness towards the new X-IFU FPA-DM

SRON (Netherlands Institute for Space Research) is developing the Focal Plane Assembly (FPA) for Athena X-IFU, whose Demonstration Model (DM) will use for the first time a time domain multiplexing (TDM)-based readout system for the on-board transition-edge sensors (TES). We report on the characterization activities on a TDM setup provided by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) and tested in SRON cryogenic test facilities. The goal of these activities is to study the impact of the longer harness, closer to X-IFU specs, in a different EMI environment and switching from a single-ended to a differential readout scheme. In this contribution we describe the advancement in the debugging of the system in the SRON cryostat, which led to the demonstration of the nominal spectral performance of 2.8 eV at 5.9~keV with 16-row multiplexing, as well as an outlook for the future endeavours for the TDM readout integration on X-IFU's FPA-DM at SRON.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2020

Mitigating the effects of charged particle strikes on TES arrays for exotic atom X-ray experiments

Exotic atom experiments place transition-edge-sensor (TES) microcalorimeter arrays in a high-energy charged particle rich environment. When a high-energy charged particle passes through the silicon substrate of a TES array, a large amount of energy is deposited and small pulses are generated across multiple pixels in the TES array due to thermal crosstalk. We have developed analysis techniques to assess and reduce the effects of charged particle events on exotic atom X-ray measurements. Using this technique, the high-energy and low-energy components of the X-ray peaks due to pileup are eliminated, improving the energy resolution from 6.6 eV to 5.7 eV at 6.9 keV.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2020

A Transition-edge Sensor-based X-ray Spectrometer for the Study of Highly Charged Ions at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Electron Beam Ion Trap

We report on the design, commissioning, and initial measurements of a Transition-edge Sensor (TES) x-ray spectrometer for the Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Over the past few decades, the NIST EBIT has produced numerous studies of highly charged ions in diverse fields such as atomic physics, plasma spectroscopy, and laboratory astrophysics. The newly commissioned NIST EBIT TES Spectrometer (NETS) improves the measurement capabilities of the EBIT through a combination of high x-ray collection efficiency and resolving power. NETS utilizes 192 individual TES x-ray microcalorimeters (166/192 yield) to improve upon the collection area by a factor of ~30 over the 4-pixel neutron transmutation doped germanium-based microcalorimeter spectrometer previously used at the NIST EBIT. The NETS microcalorimeters are optimized for the x-ray energies from roughly 500 eV to 8,000 eV and achieve an energy resolution of 3.7 eV to 5.0 eV over this range, a more modest (<2X) improvement over the previous microcalorimeters. Beyond this energy range NETS can operate with various trade-offs, the most significant of which are reduced efficiency at lower energies and being limited to a subset of the pixels at higher energies. As an initial demonstration of the capabilities of NETS, we measured transitions in He-like and H-like O, Ne, and Ar as well as Ni-like W. We detail the energy calibration and data analysis techniques used to transform detector counts into x-ray spectra, a process that will be the basis for analyzing future data.

physics.ins-det↗