Edge distribution and density in the characteristic sequence
The characteristic sequence of hypergraphs $ $ associated to a formula $ϕ(x;y)$, introduced in [arXiv:0908.4111], is defined by $P_n(y_1,... y_n) = (\exists x) \bigwedge_{i\leq n} ϕ(x;y_i)$. This paper continues the study of characteristic sequences, showing that graph-theoretic techniques, notably Szemerédi's celebrated regularity lemma, can be naturally applied to the study of model-theoretic complexity via the characteristic sequence. Specifically, we relate classification-theoretic properties of $ϕ$ and of the $P_n$ (considered as formulas) to density between components in Szemerédi-regular decompositions of graphs in the characteristic sequence. In addition, we use Szemerédi regularity to calibrate model-theoretic notions of independence by describing the depth of independence of a constellation of sets and showing that certain failures of depth imply Shelah's strong order property $SOP_3$; this sheds light on the interplay of independence and order in unstable theories.