arXiv subjects

M. E. Ressler

Publications and source records attributed to M. E. Ressler.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

JOYS$+$: A JWST/MIRI survey of the evolution of H$_2$ winds and jets from low-mass protostars

Protostellar outflows display wide-angle winds and collimated jets, the magnetocentrifugal launching of which enables accretion onto the protostar. The majority of the outflow mass is likely ejected or entrained molecular H$_2$, which can now be studied in unprecedented detail with JWST. Using JWST MIRI/MRS observations towards 13 single and 20 multiple Class 0 and I protostars, we investigate the nature and evolution of the H$_2$ wind and jet morphology, mass outflow rate, and velocity and temperature structure. We construct line flux and velocity maps of the H$_2$ S(1) and S(7) lines as well as the sub-mm CO traced by ALMA. Low-$J$ ($J\le4$) H$_2$ transitions trace extended wide-angle, low-velocity (0-20 km s$^{-1}$) winds within the contours of the low-velocity ($< 30$ km s$^{-1}$) sub-mm CO emission, while high-$J$ ($J >5$) transitions are associated with shocks and knots. In Class 0 sources with a known high-velocity ($> 30$ km s$^{-1}$) molecular CO or SiO jet, higher H$_2$ velocities are found along the jet axis. The opening angle of the wind traced by the H$_2$ S(1) line broadens from $\sim20^\circ$ to $\sim90^\circ$ through the Class 0 to Class I stage. Near the base of each blue-shifted outflow lobe, we extract representative spectra, where rotation diagram fitting of the H$_2$ lines is combined with the outflow width and H$_2$ line velocity to measure the mass-loss rates. The rotation diagrams show a warm $\sim 600$ K, component with two orders of magnitude more mass than the hot, 1500-3000 K component. The H$_2$ outflow mass-loss rates decline by two orders of magnitude from the Class 0 to Class II stage and are correlated with bolometric luminosity. The declining warm H$_2$ mass loss rates and increasing opening angles from the Class 0 to I stages, and the absence of H$_2$ jets in the Class I sources, are consistent with the predictions of MHD disk wind models.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2025

Infrared Synchrotron Emission in the Soft State of GX 339-4 and the Mid-Infrared/X-ray Luminosity Plane of Black Hole X-ray Binaries

Progress in understanding the growth of accreting black holes remains hampered by a lack of sensitive coordinated multiwavelength observations. In particular, the mid-infrared (MIR) regime remains ill-explored except for jet-dominant states. Here, we present comprehensive follow-up of the black hole X-ray binary GX 339-4 during a disc-dominated state in its 2023/24 outburst as part of a multi-wavelength campaign coordinated around JWST/MIRI. The X-ray properties are fairly typical of soft accretion states, with a high-energy Comptonised tail. The source is significantly detected between 5-10$μ$m, albeit at a faint flux level requiring MIR compact jet emission to be quenched by a factor of $\sim$300 or more relative to previous hard-state detections. The MIRI spectrum can be described as a simple power-law with slope $α$ = +0.39$\pm$0.07 ($F_ν$ $\propto$ $ν^α$), but surprisingly matches neither the radio/sub-mm nor the optical broadband slopes. Significant MIR stochastic variability is detected. Synchrotron radiation from the same medium responsible for high-energy Comptonisation can self-consistently account for the observed MIRI spectral-timing behaviour, offering new constraints on the physical conditions in the soft-state accretion disc atmosphere/corona. Alternative explanations, including a circumbinary disc or emission from a warm wind, fail to cleanly explain either the spectral properties or the variability. Multiwavelength timing cross-correlations show a puzzlingly long MIR lag relative to the optical, though at limited significance. We compile archival MIR and X-ray luminosities of transient black hole systems, including previously unreported detections of GX 339-4. These trace the evolution of the MIR-to-X-ray flux ratio with accretion state, and also reveal high MIR luminosities for GX 339-4 across all states. (abridged)

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

A JWST/MIRI view of k Andromedae b: Refining its mass, age, and physical parameters

Context. kAndb is a substellar companion near the planet-brown dwarf boundary, orbiting a B9IV star at 50-100 au. Estimates of its age and mass vary, fueling a decade-long debate. Atmospheric parameters (Teff 1650-2050 K, log(g) 3.5-5.5) remain poorly constrained due to model differences and heterogeneous datasets. Aims. We refine the characterization of kAndb using mid-infrared data to capture its bolometric emission. Combined with NIR measurements, we constrain Teff, log(g), and radius to reduce uncertainties in age and mass. Methods. We obtained JWST/MIRI coronagraphic data (F1065C, F1140C, F1550C) and recalibrated NIR photometry with an updated ATLAS stellar model. MIRI color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) probe the likelihood of species (CH4, NH3, silicates). We compared H and F1140C colors and magnitudes to isochrones to constrain age and mass. We modeled the spectral energy distribution with atmosphere models to refine Teff, radius, and log(g), and to constrain age and mass using evolutionary models. Results. Cloudy atmosphere models fit best, consistent with the L0/L2 spectral type and position near silicate-atmosphere field objects in the MIRI CMD. We derived an age of 47+-7 Myr and mass of 17.3+-1.8 MJup by weighted-mean model combination. Modeling yielded Teff = 1791+-68 K and radius = 1.42+-0.06 RJup, improving precision by 30%. Log(g) = 4.35+-0.07 dex represents a 70% improvement over the previous best value (4.75+-0.25). Conclusions. The new mass places kAndb just above the deuterium-burning limit. The age is 75% more precise and consistent with the Columba association (42 Myr). The Teff suggests silicate clouds, requiring spectroscopic confirmation. MIRI data were crucial to refining radius and temperature, which led to stronger constraints on age and mass and improving the overall characterization of kAndb.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2025

JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS): overview of program and early results

The embedded phase is a crucial period in the development of a young star. Mid-IR observations, now possible with JWST with unprecedented sensitivity, spectral resolution and sharpness are key for probing many physical and chemical processes on sub-arcsecond scales. JOYS addresses a wide variety of questions, from protostellar accretion and the nature of primeval jets, winds and outflows, to the chemistry of gas and ice, and the characteristics of embedded disks. We introduce the program and show representative results. MIRI-MRS data of 17 low-mass and 6 high-mass protostars show a wide variety of features. Atomic line maps differ among refractory (e.g., Fe), semi-refractory (e.g., S) and volatile elements (e.g., Ne), linked to their different levels of depletion and local (shock) conditions. Nested, stratified jet structures consisting of an inner ionized core seen in [Fe II] with an outer H2 layer are commonly seen. Wide-angle winds are found in low-J H2 lines. [S I] follows the jet in the youngest protostars, but is concentrated on source when more evolved. [Ne II] reveals a mix of jet shock and photoionized emission. H I lines measure accretion, but are also associated with jets. Molecular emission (CO2, C2H2, HCN, H2O, ..) is cool compared with disks, and likely associated with hot cores. Deep ice absorption features reveal not just the major ice components but also ions (as part of salts) and complex organic molecules, with comparable abundances from low- to high-mass sources. A second detection of HDO ice in a solar-mass source is presented with HDO/H2O ~ 0.4%, providing a link with disks and comets. A deep search for solid O2 suggests it is not a significant oxygen reservoir. Only few embedded Class I disks show the same forest of water lines as Class II disks do, perhaps due to significant dust extinction of the upper layers [abridged].

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

JWST observations of segregated $^{12}$CO$_2$ and $^{13}$CO$_2$ ices in protostellar envelopes

The evolution of interstellar ices can be studied with thermal tracers such as the vibrational modes of CO$_2$ ice that show great diversity depending on their local chemical and thermal environment. In this work we present JWST observations of the 15.2 $μ$m bending mode, the 4.39 $μ$m stretching mode and the 2.70 $μ$m combination mode of $^{12}$CO$_2$ and $^{13}$CO$_2$ ice in the high-mass protostar IRAS 20126 and the low-mass protostar Per-emb 35. The 15.2 $μ$m bending mode of both protostars shows the characteristic double peak profile that is associated with pure CO$_2$ ice and a sharp short-wavelength peak is observed at 4.38 $μ$m in the $^{13}$CO$_2$ bands of the two sources. Furthermore, a narrow short-wavelength feature is detected at 2.69 $μ$m in the $^{12}$CO$_2$ combination mode of Per-emb 35. We perform a consistent profile decomposition on all three vibrational modes and show that the profiles of all three bands can be reproduced with the same linear combination of CO$_2$ ice in mixtures with mostly CH$_3$OH and H$_2$O ices when the ices undergo segregation due to heating. The findings show that upon heating, CO$_2$ ice is likely segregating from mostly the water-rich ice layer and the CO$_2$-CH$_3$OH component becomes dominant in all three vibrational modes. Additionally, we find that the contribution of the different CO$_2$ components to the total absorption band is similar for both $^{12}$CO$_2$ and $^{13}$CO$_2$. This indicates that fractionation processes must not play a significant role during the different formation epochs, H$_2$O-dominated and CO-dominated. We quantify the $^{12}$CO$_2$ and $^{13}$CO$_2$ ice column densities and derive $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C$_{ice}$ = 90 $\pm$ 9 in IRAS 20126. Finally, we report the detection of the $^{13}$CO$_2$ bending mode of pure CO$_2$ ice at 15.64 $μ$m in both IRAS 20126 and Per-emb 35.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

Calibrating the clock of JWST

JWST, despite not being designed to observe astrophysical phenomena that vary on rapid time scales, can be an unparalleled tool for such studies. If timing systematics can be controlled, JWST will be able to open up the sub-second infrared timescale regime. Rapid time-domain studies, such as lag measurements in accreting compact objects and Solar System stellar occultations, require both precise inter-frame timing and knowing when a time series begins to an absolute accuracy significantly below 1s. In this work we present two long-duration observations of the deeply eclipsing double white dwarf system ZTF J153932.16+502738.8, which we use as a natural timing calibrator to measure the absolute timing accuracy of JWST's clock. From our two epochs, we measure an average clock accuracy of $0.12\pm0.06$s, implying that JWST can be used for sub-second time-resolution studies down to the $\sim100$ms level, a factor $\sim5$ improvement upon the pre-launch clock accuracy requirement. We also find an asymmetric eclipse profile in the F322W2 band, which we suggest has a physical origin.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2024

JOYS+ study of solid state $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C isotope ratios in protostellar envelopes: Observations of CO and CO$_2$ ice with JWST

The carbon isotope ratio is a powerful tool for studying the evolution of stellar systems. Recent detections of CO isotopologues in disks and exoplanet atmospheres pointed towards significant fractionation in these systems. In order to understand the evolution of this quantity, it is crucial to trace the isotope abundance from stellar nurseries to planetary systems. During the protostellar stage the multiple vibrational modes of CO$_2$ and CO ice provide a unique opportunity to examine the carbon isotope ratio in the solid state. Now with the sensitivity of the \textit{James Webb Space Telescope}, these absorption features have become accessible at high S/N in Solar-mass systems. We quantify the $^{12}$CO$_2$/$^{13}$CO$_2$ and the $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO isotope ratios in 17 class 0/I low mass protostars from the $^{12}$CO$_2$ combination modes (2.70 $μ$m and 2.77 $μ$m), the $^{12}$CO$_2$ stretching mode (4.27 $μ$m), the $^{13}$CO$_2$ stretching mode (4.39 $μ$m), the $^{12}$CO$_2$ bending mode (15.2 $μ$m), the $^{12}$CO stretching mode (4.67 $μ$m) and the $^{13}$CO stretching mode (4.78 $μ$m) using JWST observations. We also report a detection of the $^{12}$CO overtone mode at 2.35 $μ$m. The $^{12}$CO$_2$/$^{13}$CO$_2$ ratios are in agreement and we find mean ratios of 85 $\pm$ 23, 76 $\pm$ 12 and 97 $\pm$ 17 for the 2.70 $μ$m, 4.27 $μ$m and the 15.2 $μ$m bands, respectively. The main source of uncertainty stem from the error on the band strengths. The $^{12}$CO/$^{13}$CO ratios derived from the 4.67 $μ$m bands are consistent, albeit elevated with respect to the $^{12}$CO$_2$/$^{13}$CO$_2$ ratios and we find a mean ratio of 165 $\pm$ 52. These findings indicate that ices leave the pre-stellar stage with elevated carbon isotope ratios relative to the interstellar medium and that fractionation becomes significant during the later stages.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

JOYS+: link between ice and gas of complex organic molecules. Comparing JWST and ALMA data of two low-mass protostars

A rich inventory of complex organic molecules (COMs) has been observed in high abundances in the gas phase toward Class 0 protostars. These molecules are suggested to be formed in ices and sublimate in the warm inner envelope close to the protostar. However, only the most abundant COM, methanol (CH3OH), has been firmly detected in ices before the era of James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Now it is possible to detect the interstellar ices of other COMs and constrain their ice column densities quantitatively. We aim to determine the column densities of several oxygen-bearing COMs (O-COMs) in both gas and ice for two low-mass protostellar sources, NGC 1333 IRAS 2A and B1-c, as case studies in our JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS+) program. By comparing the column density ratios w.r.t. CH3OH between both phases measured in the same sources, we can probe into the evolution of COMs from ice to gas in the early stages of star formation. We are able to fit the fingerprints range of COM ices between 6.8 and 8.8 um in the JWST/MIRI-MRS spectra of B1-c using similar components as recently used for IRAS 2A. We claim detection of CH4, OCN-, HCOO-, HCOOH, CH3CHO, C2H5OH, CH3OCH3, CH3OCHO, and CH3COCH3 in B1-c, and upper limits are estimated for SO2, CH3COOH, and CH3CN. The comparison of O-COM ratios w.r.t CH3OH between ice and gas shows two different cases. 1) the column density ratios of CH3OCHO and CH3OCH3 match well between the two phases, which may be attributed to a direct inheritance from ice to gas or strong chemical links with CH3OH. 2) the ice ratios of CH3CHO and C2H5OH w.r.t. CH3OH are higher than the gas ratios by 1-2 orders of magnitudes. This difference can be explained by the gas-phase reprocessing following sublimation, or different spatial distributions of COMs in the envelope.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2024

Rapid Mid-Infrared Spectral-Timing with JWST. I. The prototypical black hole X-ray Binary GRS 1915+105 during a MIR-bright and X-ray-obscured state

We present mid-infrared (MIR) spectral-timing measurements of the prototypical Galactic microquasar GRS 1915+105. The source was observed with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) onboard JWST in June 2023 at a MIR luminosity L(MIR)~10^{36} erg/s exceeding past IR levels by about a factor of 10. By contrast, the X-ray flux is much fainter than the historical average, in the source's now-persistent 'obscured' state. The MIRI low-resolution spectrum shows a plethora of emission lines, the strongest of which are consistent with recombination in the hydrogen Pfund (Pf) series and higher. Low amplitude (~1%) but highly significant peak-to-peak photometric variability is found on timescales of ~1,000 s. The brightest Pf(6-5) emission line lags the continuum. Though difficult to constrain accurately, this lag is commensurate with light-travel timescales across the outer accretion disc or with expected recombination timescales inferred from emission line diagnostics. Using the emission line as a bolometric indicator suggests a moderate (~5-30% Eddington) intrinsic accretion rate. Multiwavelength monitoring shows that JWST caught the source close in-time to unprecedentedly bright MIR and radio long-term flaring. Assuming a thermal bremsstrahlung origin for the MIRI continuum suggests an unsustainably high mass-loss rate during this time unless the wind remains bound, though other possible origins cannot be ruled out. PAH features previously detected with Spitzer are now less clear in the MIRI data, arguing for possible destruction of dust in the interim. These results provide a preview of new parameter space for exploring MIR spectral-timing in XRBs and other variable cosmic sources on rapid timescales.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS+): Detection of icy complex organic molecules and ions. I. CH$_4$, SO$_2$, HCOO$^-$, OCN$^-$, H$_2$CO, HCOOH, CH$_3$CH$_2$OH, CH$_3$CHO, CH$_3$OCHO, CH$_3$COOH

Complex organic molecules (COMs) detected in the gas phase are thought to be mostly formed on icy grains, but no unambiguous detection of icy COMs larger than CH3OH has been reported so far. Exploring this matter in more detail has become possible with the JWST the critical 5-10 $μ$m range. In the JOYS+ program, more than 30 protostars are being observed with the MIRI/MRS. This study explores the COMs ice signatures in the low and high-mass protostar, IRAS 2A and IRAS 23385, respectively. We fit continuum and silicate subtracted observational data with IR laboratory ice spectra. We use the ENIIGMA fitting tool to find the best fit between the lab data and the observations and to performs statistical analysis of the solutions. We report the best fits for the spectral ranges between 6.8 and 8.6 $μ$m in IRAS 2A and IRAS 23385, originating from simple molecules, COMs, and negative ions. The strongest feature in this range (7.7 $μ$m) is dominated by CH4 and has contributions of SO2 and OCN-. Our results indicate that the 7.2 and 7.4 $μ$m bands are mostly dominated by HCOO-. We find statistically robust detections of COMs based on multiple bands, most notably CH3CHO, CH3CH2OH, and CH3OCHO. The likely detection of CH3COOH is also reported. The ice column density ratios between CH3CH2OH and CH3CHO of IRAS 2A and IRAS 23385, suggests that these COMs are formed on icy grains. Finally, the derived ice abundances for IRAS 2A correlate well with those in comet 67P/GC within a factor of 5. Based on the MIRI/MRS data, we conclude that COMs are present in interstellar ices, thus providing additional proof for a solid-state origin of these species in star-forming regions. The good correlation between the ice abundances in comet 67P and IRAS 2A is in line with the idea that cometary COMs can be inherited from the early protostellar phases.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2023

JOYS+: mid-infrared detection of gas-phase SO$_2$ emission in a low-mass protostar. The case of NGC 1333 IRAS2A: hot core or accretion shock?

JWST/MIRI has sharpened our infrared eyes toward the star formation process. This paper presents the first mid-infrared detection of gaseous SO$_2$ emission in an embedded low-mass protostellar system. MIRI-MRS observations of the low-mass protostellar binary NGC 1333 IRAS2A are presented from the JWST Observations of Young protoStars (JOYS+) program, revealing emission from the SO$_2~ν_3$ asymmetric stretching mode at 7.35 micron. The results are compared to those derived from high-angular resolution SO$_2$ data obtained with ALMA. The SO$_2$ emission from the $ν_3$ band is predominantly located on $\sim50-100$ au scales around the main component of the binary, IRAS2A1. A rotational temperature of $92\pm8$ K is derived from the $ν_3$ lines. This is in good agreement with the rotational temperature derived from pure rotational lines in the vibrational ground state (i.e., $ν=0$) with ALMA ($104\pm5$ K). However, the emission of the $ν_3$ lines is not in LTE given that the total number of molecules predicted by a LTE model is found to be a factor $2\times10^4$ higher than what is derived for the $ν=0$ state. This difference can be explained by a vibrational temperature that is $\sim100$ K higher than the derived rotational temperature of the $ν=0$ state. The brightness temperature derived from the continuum around the $ν_3$ band of SO$_2$ is $\sim180$ K, which confirms that the $ν_3=1$ level is not collisionally populated but rather infrared pumped by scattered radiation. This is also consistent with the non-detection of the $ν_2$ bending mode at 18-20 micron. Given the rotational temperature, the extent of the emission ($\sim100$ au in radius), and the narrow line widths in the ALMA data (3.5 km/s), the SO$_2$ in IRAS2A likely originates from ice sublimation in the central hot core around the protostar rather than from an accretion shock at the disk-envelope boundary.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2016

Stagnant Shells in the Vicinity of the Dusty Wolf-Rayet-OB Binary WR 112

We present high spatial resolution mid-infrared images of the nebula around the late-type carbon-rich Wolf-Rayet (WC)-OB binary system WR~112 taken by the recently upgraded VLT spectrometer and imager for the mid-infrared (VISIR) with the PAH1, NeII\_2, and Q3 filters. The observations reveal a morphology resembling a series of arc-like filaments and broken shells. Dust temperatures and masses are derived for each of the identified filamentary structures, which exhibit temperatures ranging from $179_{-6}^{+8}$ K at the exterior W2 filament to $355_{-25}^{+37}$ K in the central 3". The total dust mass summed over the features is $2.6\pm0.4\times10^{-5}$ $\mathrm{M}_\odot$. A multi-epoch analysis of mid-IR photometry of WR~112 over the past $\sim20$ yr reveals no significant variability in the observed dust temperature and mass. The morphology of the mid-IR dust emission from WR~112 also exhibits no significant expansion from imaging data taken in 2001, 2007, and 2016, which disputes the current interpretation of the nebula as a high expansion velocity ($\sim1200$ km s$^{-1}$) "pinwheel"-shaped outflow driven by the central WC-OB colliding-wind binary. An upper limit of $\lesssim120$ km s$^{-1}$ is derived for the expansion velocity assuming a distance of $4.15$ kpc. The upper limit on the average total mass-loss rate from the central 3" of WR~112 is estimated to be $\lesssim8\times10^{-6}$ $\mathrm{M}_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. We leave its true nature as an open question, but propose that the WR~112 nebula may have formed in the outflow during a previous red or yellow supergiant phase of the central Wolf-Rayet star.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2016

Evidence from SOFIA Imaging of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation along a Recent Outflow in NGC 7027

We report spatially resolved (FWHM$\sim3.8-4.6"$) mid-IR imaging observations of the planetary nebula (PN) NGC 7027 taken with the 2.5-m telescope aboard the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Images of NGC 7027 were acquired at 6.3, 6.6, 11.1, 19.7, 24.2, 33.6, and 37.1 $μ\mathrm{m}$ using the Faint Object Infrared Camera for the SOFIA Telescope (FORCAST).The observations reveal emission from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and warm dust ($T_D\sim90$ K) from the illuminated inner edge of the molecular envelope surrounding the ionized gas and central star. The DustEM code was used to fit the spectral energy distribution of fluxes obtained by FORCAST and the archival infrared spectrum of NGC 7027 acquired by the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) on the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Best-fit dust models provide a total dust mass of $5.8^{+2.3}_{-2.6}\times10^{-3}$ $\mathrm{M}_\odot$, where carbonaceous large ($a=1.5$ $μ$m) and very small ($a \sim12Å$) grains, and PAHs ($3.1Å<a<12Å$) compose 96.5, 2.2, and 1.3 $\%$ of the dust by mass, respectively. The 37 $μ$m optical depth map shows minima in the dust column density at regions in the envelope that are coincident with a previously identified collimated outflow from the central star. The optical depth minima are also spatially coincident with enhancements in the 6.2 $μ$m PAH feature, which is derived from the 6.3 and 6.6 $μ$m maps. We interpret the spatial anti-correlation of the dust optical depth and PAH 6.2 $μ$m feature strength and their alignment with the outflow from the central star as evidence of dust processing and rapid PAH formation via grain-grain collisions in the post-shock environment of the dense ($n_H\sim10^5\,\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$) photo-dissociation region (PDR) and molecular envelope.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2015

The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope, III: MIRIM, The MIRI Imager

In this article, we describe the MIRI Imager module (MIRIM), which provides broad-band imaging in the 5 - 27 microns wavelength range for the James Webb Space Telescope. The imager has a 0"11 pixel scale and a total unobstructed view of 74"x113". The remainder of its nominal 113"x113" field is occupied by the coronagraphs and the low resolution spectrometer. We present the instrument optical and mechanical design. We show that the test data, as measured during the test campaigns undertaken at CEA-Saclay, at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, and at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, indicate that the instrument complies with its design requirements and goals. We also discuss the operational requirements (multiple dithers and exposures) needed for optimal scientific utilization of the MIRIM.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2015

The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope I: Introduction

MIRI (the Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)) operates from 5 to 28.5 microns and combines over this range: 1.) unprecedented sensitivity levels; 2.) sub-arcsec angular resolution; 3.) freedom from atmospheric interference; 4.) the inherent stability of observing in space; and 5.) a suite of versatile capabilities including imaging, low and medium resolution spectroscopy (with an integral field unit), and coronagraphy. We illustrate the potential uses of this unique combination of capabilities with various science examples: 1.) imaging exoplanets; 2.) transit and eclipse spectroscopy of exoplanets; 3.) probing the first stages of star and planet formation, including identifying bioactive molecules; 4.) determining star formation rates and mass growth as galaxies are assembled; and 5.) characterizing the youngest massive galaxies. This paper is the introduction to a series of ten covering all aspects of the instrument.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2015

The Mid-Infrared Instrument for JWST, II: Design and Build

The Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) provides measurements over the wavelength range 5 to 28.5 microns. MIRI has, within a single 'package', four key scientific functions: photometric imaging, coronagraphy, single-source low-spectral resolving power (R ~ 100) spectroscopy, and medium-resolving power (R ~ 1500 to 3500) integral field spectroscopy. An associated cooler system maintains MIRI at its operating temperature of < 6.7 K. This paper describes the driving principles behind the design of MIRI, the primary design parameters, and their realization in terms of the 'as-built' instrument. It also describes the test program that led to delivery of the tested and calibrated Flight Model to NASA in 2012, and the confirmation after delivery of the key interface requirements.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2015

The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope, VII: The MIRI Detectors

The MIRI Si:As IBC detector arrays extend the heritage technology from the Spitzer IRAC arrays to a 1024 x 1024 pixel format. We provide a short discussion of the principles of operation, design, and performance of the individual MIRI detectors, in support of a description of their operation in arrays provided in an accompanying paper (Ressler et al. (2015)). We then describe modeling of their response. We find that electron diffusion is an important component of their performance, although it was omitted in previous models. Our new model will let us optimize the bias voltage while avoiding avalanche gain. It also predicts the fraction of the IR-active layer that is depleted (and thus contributes to the quantum efficiency) as signal is accumulated on the array amplifier. Another set of models accurately predicts the nonlinearity of the detector-amplifier unit and has guided determination of the corrections for nonlinearity. Finally, we discuss how diffraction at the interpixel gaps and total internal reflection can produce the extended cross-like artifacts around images with these arrays at short wavelengths, ~ 5 microns. The modeling of the behavior of these devices is helping optimize how we operate them and also providing inputs to the development of the data pipeline.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2015

The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope, VIII: The MIRI Focal Plane System

We describe the layout and unique features of the focal plane system for MIRI. We begin with the detector array and its readout integrated circuit (combining the amplifier unit cells and the multiplexer), the electronics, and the steps by which the data collection is controlled and the output signals are digitized and delivered to the JWST spacecraft electronics system. We then discuss the operation of this MIRI data system, including detector readout patterns, operation of subarrays, and data formats. Finally, we summarize the performance of the system, including remaining anomalies that need to be corrected in the data pipeline.

astro-ph.IM↗