Searcharxiv⌕ Search

arXiv subjects

M. J. Coe

Publications and source records attributed to M. J. Coe.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

X-Ray and Optical Observations of A 0535+26

We present recent contemporaneous X-ray and optical observations of the Be/X-ray binary system A\,0535+26 with the \textit{Fermi}/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and several ground-based observatories. These new observations are put into the context of the rich historical data (since $\sim$1978) and discussed in terms of the neutron star Be-disk interaction. The Be circumstellar disk was exceptionally large just before the 2009 December giant outburst, which may explain the origin of the unusual recent X-ray activity of this source. We found a peculiar evolution of the pulse profile during this giant outburst, with the two main components evolving in opposite ways with energy. A hard 30-70 mHz X-ray QPO was detected with GBM during this 2009 December giant outburst. It becomes stronger with increasing energy and disappears at energies below 25\,keV. In the long-term a strong optical/X-ray correlation was found for this system, however in the medium-term the H$_α$ EW and the V-band brightness showed an anti-correlation after $\sim$2002 Agust. Each giant X-ray outburst occurred during a decline phase of the optical brightness, while the H$_α$ showed a strong emission. In late 2010 and before the 2011 February outburst, rapid V/R variations are observed in the strength of the two peaks of the H$_α$ line. These had a period of $\sim$\,25 days and we suggest the presence of a global one-armed oscillation to explain this scenario. A general pattern might be inferred, where the disk becomes weaker and shows V/R variability beginning $\sim$\,6 months following a giant outburst.

astro-ph.HE↗

The XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud

Although numerous archival XMM-Newton observations existed towards the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) before 2009, only a fraction of the whole galaxy was covered. Between May 2009 and March 2010 we carried out an XMM-Newton survey of the SMC, in order to obtain a complete overage of both its bar and wing. Thirty-three observations of 30 different fields with a total exposure of about ne Ms filled the missing parts. We systematically processed all available SMC data from the European Photon Imaging Camera. After rejecting observations with very high background we included 53 archival and the 33 survey observations. We produced images in five different energy bands. We applied astrometric boresight corrections using secure identifications of X-ray sources and combine all the images to produce a mosaic, which covers the main body of the SMC. We present an overview of the XMM-Newton observations, describe their analysis and summarise first results which will be presented in follow-up papers in detail. Here, we mainly focus on extended X-ray sources like supernova remnants (SNRs) and clusters of galaxies which are seen in our X-ray images. The XMM-Newton survey represents the deepest complete survey of the SMC in the 0.15-12.0 keV X-ray band. We propose three new SNRs with low surface brightness of a few 10^-14 erg s^-1 cm^-2 arcmin^-2 and large extent. Also several known remnants appear larger than previously measured from X-rays or other wavelengths extending the size distribution of SMC SNRs to larger values.

astro-ph.HE↗

Discovery of the neutron star spin and a possible orbital period from the Be/X-ray binary IGR J05414-6858 in the LMC

The number of known Be/X-ray binaries in the Large Magellanic Cloud is small compared to the observed population of the Galaxy or the Small Magellanic Cloud. The discovery of a system in outburst provides the rare opportunity to measure its X-ray properties in detail. IGR J05414-6858 was discovered in 2010 by INTEGRAL and found in another outburst with the Swift satellite in 2011. In order to characterise the system, we analysed the data from a follow-up XMM-Newton target of opportunity observation of the 2011 outburst and investigate the stellar counterpart with photometry and spectroscopy. We modelled the X-ray spectra from the EPIC instruments on XMM-Newton and compared them with Swift archival data. In the X-ray and optical light curves, we searched for periodicities and variability. The optical counterpart was classified using spectroscopy obtained with ESO's Faint Object Spectrograph at NTT. The X-ray spectra as seen in 2011 are relatively hard with a photon index of ~0.3-0.4 and show only low absorption. They deviate significantly from earlier spectra of a probable type II outburst in 2010. The neutron star spin period of P_s = 4.4208 s was discovered with EPIC-pn. The I-band light curve revealed a transition from a low to a high state around MJD 54500. The optical counterpart is classified to B0-1IIIe and shows Halpha emission and a variable NIR excess, vanishing during the 2010 outburst. In the optical high state, we found a periodicity at 19.9 days, probably caused by binarity and indicating the orbital period.

astro-ph.HE↗

The XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: XMMUJ010633.1-731543 and XMMUJ010743.1-715953, two new Be/X-ray binary systems

In the course of the XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), two new bright X-ray sources were discovered exhibiting the spectral characteris- tics of High Mass X-ray Binaries - but revealing only weak evidence for pulsations in just one of the objects(at 153s in XMMUJ010743.1-715953). The accurate X- ray source locations permit the identification of these X-ray source with Be stars, thereby strongly suggesting these systems are new Be/X-ray binaries. From blue spectra the proposed classification for XMMUJ010633.1-731543 is B0.5-1Ve and for XMMUJ010743.1-715953 it is B2IV-Ve.

astro-ph.HE↗

On the periodicities present in the optical light curves of SMC Be/X-ray binaries

We present a comprehensive study of the periodic variations observed in OGLE I-band light curves of SMC Be/X-ray binaries, discovering new optical periodicities in 9 systems. We find that these periodicities derive from a number of mechanisms, notably disturbance of the decretion disk on the orbital period of the system, and aliased non-radial pulsations. We develop metrics that allow these mechanisms to be distinguished on the basis of the shape of the folded optical light curve, and use these metrics to categorise the periodicities present in \sim 50 SMC binary systems. We conclude that extreme care must be taken in the interpretation of the OGLE light curves since only around 30% of the periodicities present can be unambiguously attributed to orbital periods.

astro-ph.HE↗

The Search for High-Mass X-ray Binaries in the Phoenix Dwarf Galaxy

We report on the first X-ray images of the Phoenix dwarf galaxy, taken with \emph{XMM-Newton} in July 2009. This local group dwarf galaxy shares similarities with the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) including a burst of star formation $\sim$50 Myr ago. The SMC has an abundance of High Mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs) and so we have investigated the possibility of an HMXB population in Phoenix with the intention of furthering the understanding of the HMXB-star formation rate relation. The data from the combined European Photon Imaging Cameras (EPIC) were used to distinguish between different source classes (foreground stars, background galaxies, AGN and supernova remnants) using EPIC hardness ratios and correlations with optical and radio catalogues. Of the 81 X-ray sources in the field of view, six are foreground stars, four are galaxies and one is an AGN. The remaining sources with optical counterparts have log($\frac{f_X}{f_{opt}}$) consistent with AGN in the local universe. Further investigation of five sources in the field of view suggests they are all background AGN. Their position behind the gas cloud associated with Phoenix makes them a possible tool for further probing the metallicity of this region. We find no evidence for any HMXBs in Phoenix at this time. This rules out the existence of the X-ray persistent supergiant X-ray binary systems. However the transient nature of the Be/X-ray binaries means we cannot rule out a population of these sources but can conclude that it is not extensive.

astro-ph.HE↗

Periodic Emission from the Gamma-ray Binary 1FGL J1018.6-5856

Gamma-ray binaries are stellar systems containing a neutron star or black hole with gamma-ray emission produced by an interaction between the components. These systems are rare, even though binary evolution models predict dozens in our Galaxy. A search for gamma-ray binaries with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) shows that 1FGL J1018.6-5856 exhibits intensity and spectral modulation with a 16.6 day period. We identified a variable X-ray counterpart, which shows a sharp maximum coinciding with maximum gamma-ray emission, as well as an O6V((f)) star optical counterpart and a radio counterpart that is also apparently modulated on the orbital period. 1FGL J1018.6-5856 is thus a gamma-ray binary, and its detection suggests the presence of other fainter binaries in the Galaxy.

astro-ph.HE↗

A new super-soft X-ray source in the Small Magellanic Cloud: Discovery of the first Be/white dwarf system in the SMC?

The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) hosts a large number of Be/X-ray binaries, however no Be/white dwarf system is known so far, although population synthesis calculations predict that they might be more frequent than Be/neutron star systems. XMMUJ010147.5-715550 was found as a new faint super-soft X-ray source (SSS) with a likely Be star optical counterpart. We investigate the nature of this system and search for further high-absorbed candidates in the SMC. We analysed the XMM-Newton X-ray spectrum and light curve, optical photometry, and the I-band OGLE III light curve. The X-ray spectrum is well represented by black-body and white dwarf atmosphere models with highly model-dependent temperature between 20 and 100 eV. The likely optical counterpart AzV 281 showed low near infrared emission during X-ray activity, followed by a brightening in the I-band afterwards. We find further candidates for high-absorbed SSSs with a blue star as counterpart. We discuss XMMUJ010147.5-715550 as the first candidate for a Be/white dwarf binary system in the SMC.

astro-ph.HE↗

On the orbital parameters of Be/X-ray binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud

The orbital motion of a neutron star about its optical companion presents a window through which to study the orbital parameters of that binary system. This has been used extensively in the Milky Way to calculate these parameters for several high-mass X-ray binaries. Using several years of RXTE PCA data, we derive the orbital parameters of four Be/X-ray binary systems in the SMC, increasing the number of systems with orbital solutions by a factor of three. We find one new orbital period, confirm a second and discuss the parameters with comparison to the Galactic systems. Despite the low metallicity in the SMC, these binary systems sit amongst the Galactic distribution of orbital periods and eccentricities, suggesting that metallicity may not play an important role in the evolution of high-mass X-ray binary systems. A plot of orbital period against eccentricity shows that the supergiant, Be and low eccentricity OB transient systems occupy separate regions of the parameter space; akin to the separated regions on the Corbet diagram. Using a Spearman's rank correlation test, we also find a possible correlation between the two parameters. The mass functions, inclinations and orbital semimajor axes are derived for the SMC systems based on the binary parameters and the spectral classification of the optical counterpart. As a by-product of our work, we present a catalogue of the orbital parameters for every high-mass X-ray binary in the Galaxy and Magellanic Clouds for which they are known.

astro-ph.HE↗

A 0535+26: an X-ray/Optical Tour

We compiled X-ray and Optical observations of the accreting X-ray binary system A 0535+262 since its discovery in 1975, that will allow us to shed light on the unpredictable behavior of this binary system. We present the data in terms of the Be-disk interaction with the neutron star companion. In addition, we show recent results from the continuous monitoring of this source by the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor(GBM), on board the Fermi observatory, since its launch in 2008 June 11.

astro-ph.HE↗

IKT 16: A Composite SNR in the SMC

Aims: IKT 16 is an X-ray and radio-faint supernova remnant (SNR) in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). A previous X-ray study of this SNR found a hard X-ray source near its centre. Using all available archival and proprietary XMM-Newton data, alongside new multi-frequency radio-continuum surveys and optical observations at H-alpha and forbidden [SII] and [OIII] lines, we aim to constrain the properties of the SNR and discover the nature of the hard source within. Methods: We combine XMM-Newton datasets to produce the highest quality X-ray image of IKT 16 to date. We use this, in combination with radio and optical images, to conduct a multi-wavelength morphological analysis of the remnant. We extract separate spectra from the SNR and the bright source near its centre, and conduct spectral fitting of both regions. Results: We find IKT 16 to have a radius of 37+-3 pc, with the bright source located 8+-2 pc from the centre. This is the largest known SNR in the SMC. The large size of the remnant suggests it is likely in the Sedov-adiabatic phase of evolution. Using a Sedov model to fit the SNR spectrum, we find an electron temperature kT of 1.03+-0.12 keV and an age of 14700 yr. The absorption found requires the remnant to be located deep within the SMC. The bright source is fit with a power law with index 1.58+-0.07, and is associated with diffuse radio emission extending towards the centre of the SNR. We argue that this source is likely to be the neutron star remnant of the supernova explosion, and infer its transverse kick velocity to be 580+-100 km/s. The X-ray and radio properties of this source strongly favour a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) origin.

astro-ph.HE↗

The XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: XMMUJ005011.2-730026 = SXP214, a Be/X-ray binary pulsar

In the course of the XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), a region to the east of the emission nebula N19 was observed in November 2009. To search for new candidates for high mass X-ray binaries the EPIC PN and MOS data of the detected point sources were investigated and their spectral and temporal characteristics identified. A new transient (XMMUJ005011.2-730026= SXP214) with a pulse period of 214.05 s was discovered; the source had a hard X-ray spectrum with power-law index of ~0.65. The accurate X-ray source location permits the identification of the X-ray source with a ~15th magnitude Be star, thereby confirming this system as a new Be/X-ray binary.

astro-ph.HE↗

The XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Discovery of the 11.866 s Be/X-ray binary pulsar XMMUJ004814.0-732204 (SXP11.87)

One of the goals of the XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud is the study of the Be/X-ray binary population. During one of our first survey observations a bright new transient - XMMUJ004814.0-732204 - was discovered. We present the analysis of the EPIC X-ray data together with optical observations, to investigate the spectral and temporal characteristics of XMMUJ004814.0-732204. We found coherent X-ray pulsations in the EPIC data with a period of (11.86642 +/- 0.00017) s. The X-ray spectrum can be modelled by an absorbed power-law with indication for a soft excess. Depending on the modelling of the soft X-ray spectrum, the photon index ranges between 0.53 and 0.66. We identify the optical counterpart as a B = 14.9mag star which was monitored during the MACHO and OGLE-III projects. The optical light curves show regular outbursts by ~0.5 mag in B and R and up to 0.9 mag in I which repeat with a time scale of about 1000 days. The OGLE-III optical colours of the star are consistent with an early B spectral type. An optical spectrum obtained at the 1.9 m telescope of the South African Astronomical Observatory in December 2009 shows H_alpha emission with an equivalent width of 3.5 +/- 0.6 A. The X-ray spectrum and the detection of pulsations suggest that XMMUJ004814.0-732204 is a new high mass X-ray binary pulsar in the SMC. The long term variability and the H_alpha emission line in the spectrum of the optical counterpart identify it as a Be/X-ray binary system.

astro-ph.HE↗

Orbital Period Determinations for Four SMC Be/X-ray Binaries

We present an optical and X-ray study of four Be/X-ray binaries located in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). OGLE I-band data of up to 11 years of semi-continuous monitoring has been analysed for SMC X-2, SXP172 and SXP202B, providing both a measurement of the orbital period (Porb = 18.62, 68.90, and 229.9 days for the pulsars respectively) and a detailed optical orbital profile for each pulsar. For SXP172 this has allowed a direct comparison of the optical and X-ray emission seen through regular RXTE monitoring, revealing that the X-ray outbursts precede the optical by around 7 days. Recent X-ray studies by XMM-Newton have identified a new source in the vicinity of SXP15.3 raising doubt on the identification of the optical counterpart to this X-ray pulsar. Here we present a discussion of the observations that led to the proposal of the original counterpart and a detailed optical analysis of the counterpart to the new X-ray source, identifying a 21.7 d periodicity in the OGLE I-band data. The optical characteristics of this star are consistent with that of a SMC Be/X-ray binary. However, this star was rejected as the counterpart to SXP15.3 in previous studies due to the lack of Hα emission.

astro-ph.SR↗

The Orbital Solution and Spectral Classification of the High-Mass X-Ray Binary IGR J01054-7253 in the Small Magellanic Cloud

We present X-ray and optical data on the Be/X-ray binary (BeXRB) pulsar IGR J01054-7253 = SXP11.5 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of this source in a large X-ray outburst reveal an 11.483 +/- 0.002s pulse period and show both the accretion driven spin-up of the neutron star and the motion of the neutron star around the companion through Doppler shifting of the spin period. Model fits to these data suggest an orbital period of 36.3 +/- 0.4d and Pdot of (4.7 +/- 0.3) x 10^{-10} ss^{-1}. We present an orbital solution for this system, making it one of the best described BeXRB systems in the SMC. The observed pulse period, spin-up and X-ray luminosity of SXP11.5 in this outburst are found to agree with the predictions of neutron star accretion theory. Timing analysis of the long-term optical light curve reveals a periodicity of 36.70 +/- 0.03d, in agreement with the orbital period found from the model fit to the X-ray data. Using blue-end spectroscopic observations we determine the spectral type of the counterpart to be O9.5-B0 IV-V. This luminosity class is supported by the observed V-band magnitude. Using optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy, we study the circumstellar environment of the counterpart in the months after the X-ray outburst.

astro-ph.SR↗

INTEGRAL deep observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud

Deep observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and region were carried out in the hard X-ray band by the INTEGRAL observatory in 2008-2009. The field of view of the instrument permitted simultaneous coverage of the entire SMC and the eastern end of the Magellanic Bridge. In total, INTEGRAL detected seven sources in the SMC and five in the Magellanic Bridge; the majority of the sources were previously unknown systems. Several of the new sources were detected undergoing bright X- ray outbursts and all the sources exhibited transient behaviour except the supergiant system SMC X-1. They are all thought to be High Mass X-ray Binary (HMXB) systems in which the compact object is a neutron star.

astro-ph.HE↗

The Magellanic Bridge: evidence for a population of X-ray binaries

INTEGRAL observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud region have resulted in the serendipitous detection of two transient hard X-ray sources in the Magellanic Bridge. In this paper we present the timing and spectral characteristics of these sources across the 2-100 keV energy range, which, in conjunction with their optical counterparts, demonstrate that they are high mass X-ray binaries in the Magellanic Bridge. Together with one previously known high mass X-ray binary system, and three candidates, these sources represent an emerging population of X-ray binaries in the Bridge, probably initiated by tidally induced star formation as a result of the gravitational interaction between the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds.

astro-ph.SR↗

Be/X-ray binary SXP6.85 undergoes large Type II outburst in the Small Magellanic Cloud

The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) Be/X-ray binary pulsar SXP6.85 = XTE J0103-728 underwent a large Type II outburst beginning on 2008 August 10. The source was consistently seen for the following 20 weeks (MJD = 54688 - 54830). We present X-ray timing and spectroscopic analysis of the source as part of our ongoing Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) monitoring campaign and INTEGRAL key programme monitoring the SMC and 47 Tuc. A comparison with the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) III light curve of the Be counterpart shows the X-ray outbursts from this source coincide with times of optical maximum. We attribute this to the circumstellar disk increasing in size, causing mass accretion onto the neutron star. Ground based IR photometry and H-alpha spectroscopy obtained during the outburst are used as a measure of the size of the circumstellar disk and lend support to this picture. In addition, folded RXTE light curves seem to indicate complex changes in the geometry of the accretion regions on the surface of the neutron star, which may be indicative of an inhomogeneous density distribution in the circumstellar material causing a variable accretion rate onto the neutron star. Finally, the assumed inclination of the system and H-alpha equivalent width measurements are used to make a simplistic estimate of the size of the circumstellar disk.

astro-ph.HE↗