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M. McCaughan

Publications and source records attributed to M. McCaughan.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Measuring the cross section of the $^{15}$N($α$,$γ$)$^{19}$F reaction using a single-fluid bubble chamber

$^{15}$N($α$,$γ$)$^{19}$F is believed to be the primary means of stellar nucleosynthesis of fluorine. Here we present the use of a single-fluid bubble chamber to measure the cross section of the time-inverse photo-dissociation reaction. The method benefits from a luminosity increase of several orders of magnitude due to the use of a thicker liquid target -- when compared to thin films or gas targets -- and from the reciprocity theorem. We discuss the results of an experiment at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, where the cross section of the photodisintegration process $^{19}$F($γ$, $α$)$^{15}$N was measured by bombarding a superheated fluid of C$_3$F$_8$ with bremsstrahlung $γ$-rays produced by impinging a 4 - 5.5 MeV electron beam on a Cu radiator. From the photodissociation yield the cross section was extracted by performing a convolution with a Monte Carlo-generated $γ$-ray beam spectrum. The measurement produced a cross section that was then time inverted using the reciprocity theorem. The cross section for the $^{15}$N($α$,$γ$)$^{19}$F reaction was determined down to a value in the range of hundreds of picobarns. With further improvements of the experimental setup the technique could potentially push cross section measurements down to the single picobarn range.

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Determining the Proton's Gluonic Gravitational Form Factors

The proton is one of the main building blocks of all visible matter in the universe. Among its intrinsic properties are its electric charge, mass, and spin. These emerge from the complex dynamics of its fundamental constituents, quarks and gluons, described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Using electron scattering, its electric charge and spin, shared among the quark constituents, have been the topic of active investigation. An example is the novel precision measurement of the proton's electric charge radius. In contrast, little is known about the proton's inner mass density, dominated by the energy carried by the gluons, which are hard to access through electron scattering since gluons carry no electromagnetic charge. Here, we chose to probe this gluonic gravitational density using a small color dipole, the $J/ψ$ particle, through its threshold photoproduction. From our data, we determined, for the first time, the proton's gluonic gravitational form factors. We used a variety of models and determined, in all cases, a mass radius that is notably smaller than the electric charge radius. In some cases, the determined radius, although model dependent, is in excellent agreement with first-principle predictions from lattice QCD. This work paves the way for a deeper understanding of the salient role of gluons in providing gravitational mass to visible matter.

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Measured proton electromagnetic structure deviates from theoretical predictions

The visible world is founded on the proton, the only composite building block of matter that is stable in nature. Consequently, understanding the formation of matter relies on explaining the dynamics and the properties of the proton's bound state.A fundamental property of the proton involves the response of the system to an external electromagnetic field. It is characterized by the electromagnetic polarizabilities that describe how easily the charge and magnetization distributions inside the system are distorted by the electromagnetic field. Moreover, the generalized polarizabilities map out the resulting deformation of the densities in a proton subject to an electromagnetic field. They disclose essential information about the underlying system dynamics and provide a key for decoding the proton structure in terms of the theory of the strong interaction that binds its elementary quark and gluon constituents. Of particular interest is a puzzle in the electric generalized polarizability of the proton that remains unresolved for two decades. Here we report measurements of the proton's electromagnetic generalized polarizabilities at low four-momentum transfer squared. We show evidence of an anomaly to the behaviour of the proton's electric generalized polarizability that contradicts the predictions of nuclear theory and derive its signature in the spatial distribution of the induced polarization in the proton. The reported measurements suggest the presence of a new, not-yet-understood dynamical mechanism in the proton and present notable challenges to the nuclear theory.

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New Measurements of the Beam-Normal Single Spin Asymmetry in Elastic Electron Scattering Over a Range of Spin-0 Nuclei

We report precision determinations of the beam normal single spin asymmetries ($A_n$) in the elastic scattering of 0.95 and 2.18~GeV electrons off $^{12}$C, $^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca, and $^{208}$Pb at very forward angles where the most detailed theoretical calculations have been performed. The first measurements of $A_n$ for $^{40}$Ca and $^{48}$Ca are found to be similar to that of $^{12}$C, consistent with expectations thus demonstrating the validity of theoretical calculations for nuclei with Z~$\leq20$. We also report $A_n$ for $^{208}$Pb at two new momentum transfers (Q$^2$) extending the previous measurement. Our new data confirm the surprising result previously reported, with all three data points showing significant disagreement with the results from the $Z\leq 20$ nuclei. These data confirm our basic understanding of the underlying dynamics that govern $A_n$ for nuclei containing $\lesssim 50$ nucleons, but point to the need for further investigation to understand the unusual $A_n$ behaviour discovered for scattering off $^{208}$Pb.

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Search for photoproduction of axion-like particles at GlueX

We present a search for axion-like particles, $a$, produced in photon-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of approximately 4 GeV, focusing on the scenario where the $a$-gluon coupling is dominant. The search uses $a\toγγ$ and $a\toπ^+π^-π^0$ decays, and a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 168 pb$^{-1}$ collected with the GlueX detector. The search for $a\toγγ$ decays is performed in the mass range of $180 < m_a < 480$ MeV, while the search for $a\toπ^+π^-π^0$ decays explores the $600 < m_a < 720$ MeV region. No evidence for a signal is found, and 90% confidence-level exclusion limits are placed on the $a$-gluon coupling strength. These constraints are the most stringent to date over much of the mass ranges considered.

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Measurement of Spin Density Matrix Elements in $Λ(1520)$ Photoproduction at 8.2-8.8 GeV

We report on the measurement of spin density matrix elements of the $Λ(1520)$ in the photoproduction reaction $γp\rightarrow Λ(1520)K^+$, via its subsequent decay to $K^{-}p$. The measurement was performed as part of the GlueX experimental program in Hall D at Jefferson Lab using a linearly polarized photon beam with $E_γ=$ 8.2-8.8 GeV. These are the first such measurements in this photon energy range. Results are presented in bins of momentum transfer squared, $-(t-t_\text{0})$. We compare the results with a Reggeon exchange model and determine that natural exchange amplitudes are dominant in $Λ(1520)$ photoproduction.

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Deeply virtual Compton scattering using a positron beam in Hall-C at Jefferson Lab

We propose to use the High Momentum Spectrometer of Hall C combined with the Neutral Particle Spectrometer (NPS) to perform high precision measurements of the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) cross section using a beam of positrons. The combination of measurements with oppositely charged incident beams is the only unambiguous way to disentangle the contribution of the DVCS$^2$ term in the photon electroproduction cross section from its interference with the Bethe-Heitler amplitude. This provides a stronger way to constrain the Generalized Parton Distributions of the nucleon. A wide range of kinematics accessible with an 11 GeV beam off an unpolarized proton target will be covered. The $Q^2-$dependence of each contribution will be measured independently.

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Backward-angle Exclusive pi0 Production above the Resonance Region

The proposed measurement is a dedicated study of the exclusive electroproduction process,1H(e,e'p)pi0, in the backward-angle regime (u-channel process) above the resonance region. The produced pi0 is emitted 180 degrees opposite to the virtual-photon momentum. This study also aims to apply the well-known Rosenbluth separation technique that provides the model-independent differential cross-sections at the never explored u-channel kinematics region. Currently, the "soft-hard transition" in u-channel meson production remains an interesting and unexplored subject. The available theoretical frameworks offer competing interpretations for the observed backward-angle cross section peaks. In a "soft" hadronic Regge exchange description, the backward meson production comes from the interference between nucleon exchange and the meson produced via re-scattering within the nucleon. Whereas in the "hard" GPD-like backward collinear factorization regime, the scattering amplitude factorizes into a hard subprocess amplitude and baryon to meson transition distribution amplitudes (TDAs), otherwise known as super skewed parton distributions (SuperSPDs). Both TDAs and SPDs are universal non-perturbative objects of nucleon structure accessible only through backward-angle kinematics. The separated cross sections:sigma_T,sigma_L and T/L ratio at Q2=2-6 GeV2, provide a direct test of two predictions from the TDA model. The magnitude and u-dependence of the separated cross sections also provide a direct connection to the re-scattering Regge picture. The extracted interaction radius (from u-dependence) at different Q2 can be used to study the soft-hard transition in the u-channel kinematics. The acquisition of these data will be an important step forward in validating the existence of a backward factorization scheme of the nucleon structure function and establishing its applicable kinematic range.

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Accurate Determination of the Neutron Skin Thickness of $^{208}$Pb through Parity-Violation in Electron Scattering

We report a precision measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry $A_{PV}$ in the elastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from $^{208}$Pb. We measure $A_{PV}=550\pm 16 {\rm (stat)}\pm 8\ {\rm (syst)}$ parts per billion, leading to an extraction of the neutral weak form factor $F_W(Q^2 = 0.00616\ {\rm GeV}^2) = 0.368 \pm 0.013$. Combined with our previous measurement, the extracted neutron skin thickness is $R_n-R_p=0.283 \pm 0.071$~fm. The result also yields the first significant direct measurement of the interior weak density of $^{208}$Pb: $ρ^0_W = -0.0796\pm0.0036\ {\rm (exp.)}\pm0.0013\ {\rm (theo.)}\ {\rm fm}^{-3}$ leading to the interior baryon density $ρ^0_b = 0.1480\pm0.0036\ {\rm (exp.)}\pm0.0013\ {\rm (theo.)}\ {\rm fm}^{-3}$. The measurement accurately constrains the density dependence of the symmetry energy of nuclear matter near saturation density, with implications for the size and composition of neutron stars.

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Beam charge asymmetries for deeply virtual Compton scattering off the proton

The unpolarized and polarized Beam Char\-ge Asymmetries (BCAs) of the $\vv{e}^{\pm}p \to e^{\pm}p γ$ process off unpolarized hydrogen are discussed. The measurement of BCAs with the CLAS12 spectrometer at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, using polarized positron and electron beams at 10.6 GeV is investigated. This experimental configuration allows to measure azimuthal and $t$-dependences of the unpolarized and polarized BCAs over a large $(x_B,Q^2)$ phase space, providing a direct access to the real part of the Compton Form Factor (CFF) ${\mathcal H}$. Additionally, these measurements confront the Bethe-Heitler dominance hypothesis and eventual effects beyond leading twist. The impact of potential positron beam data on the determination of CFFs is also investigated within a local fitting approach of experimental observables. Positron data are shown to strongly reduce correlations between CFFs and consequently improve significantly the determination of $\Re {\rm e} [\mathcal{H}]$.

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Measurement of beam asymmetry for $π^-Δ^{++}$ photoproduction on the proton at $E_γ$=8.5 GeV

We report a measurement of the $π^-$ photoproduction beam asymmetry for the reaction $\vecγ p \rightarrow π^- Δ^{++}$ using data from the GlueX experiment in the photon beam energy range 8.2--8.8 GeV. The asymmetry $Σ$ is measured as a function of four-momentum transfer $t$ to the $Δ^{++}$ and compared to phenomenological models. We find that $Σ$ varies as a function of $t$: negative at smaller values and positive at higher values of $|t|$. The reaction can be described theoretically by $t$-channel particle exchange requiring pseudoscalar, vector, and tensor intermediaries. In particular, this reaction requires charge exchange, allowing us to probe pion exchange and the significance of higher-order corrections to one-pion exchange at low momentum transfer. Constraining production mechanisms of conventional mesons may aid in the search for and study of unconventional mesons. This is the first measurement of the process at this energy.

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Studying Short-Range Correlations with Real Photon Beams at GlueX

The past few years has seen tremendous progress in our understanding of short-range correlated (SRC) pairing of nucleons within nuclei, much of it coming from electron scattering experiments leading to the break-up of an SRC pair. The interpretation of these experiments rests on assumptions about the mechanism of the reaction. These assumptions can be directly tested by studying SRC pairs using alternate probes, such as real photons. We propose a 30-day experiment using the Hall D photon beam, nuclear targets, and the GlueX detector in its standard configuration to study short-range correlations with photon-induced reactions. Several different reaction channels are possible, and we project sensitivity in most channels to equal or exceed the 6 GeV-era SRC experiments from Halls A and B. The proposed experiment will therefore decisively test the phenomena of np dominance, the short-distance NN interaction, and reaction theory, while also providing new insight into bound nucleon structure and the onset of color transparency.

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Measurement of the Photon Beam Asymmetry in $\vecγ p\to K^+Σ^0$ at $E_γ = 8.5$ GeV

We report measurements of the photon beam asymmetry $Σ$ for the reaction $\vecγ p\to K^+Σ^0$(1193) using the GlueX spectrometer in Hall D at Jefferson Lab. Data were collected using a linearly polarized photon beam in the energy range of 8.2-8.8 GeV incident on a liquid hydrogen target. The beam asymmetry $Σ$ was measured as a function of the Mandelstam variable $t$, and a single value of $Σ$ was extracted for events produced in the $u$-channel. These are the first exclusive measurements of the photon beam asymmetry $Σ$ for the reaction in this energy range. For the $t$-channel, the measured beam asymmetry is close to unity over the $t$-range studied, $-t=(0.1-1.4)~$(GeV/$c$)$^{2}$, with an average value of $Σ= 1.00\pm 0.05$. This agrees with theoretical models that describe the reaction via the natural-parity exchange of the $K^{*}$(892) Regge trajectory. A value of $Σ= 0.41 \pm 0.09$ is obtained for the $u$-channel integrated up to $-u=2.0$~(GeV/$c$)$^{2}$.

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Beam Asymmetry $\mathbfΣ$ for the Photoproduction of $\mathbfη$ and $\mathbf{η^{\prime}}$ Mesons at $\mathbf{E_γ=8.8}$GeV

We report on the measurement of the beam asymmetry $Σ$ for the reactions $\vecγp\rightarrow pη$ and $\vecγp \rightarrow pη^{\prime}$ from the GlueX experiment, using an 8.2--8.8 GeV linearly polarized tagged photon beam incident on a liquid hydrogen target in Hall D at Jefferson Lab. These measurements are made as a function of momentum transfer $-t$, with significantly higher statistical precision than our earlier $η$ measurements, and are the first measurements of $η^{\prime}$ in this energy range. We compare the results to theoretical predictions based on $t$--channel quasi-particle exchange. We also compare the ratio of $Σ_η$ to $Σ_{η^{\prime}}$ to these models, as this ratio is predicted to be sensitive to the amount of $s\bar{s}$ exchange in the production. We find that photoproduction of both $η$ and $η^{\prime}$ is dominated by natural parity exchange with little dependence on $-t$.

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First measurement of near-threshold J/$ψ$ exclusive photoproduction off the proton

We report on the measurement of the $γp \rightarrow J/ψp$ cross section from $E_γ= 11.8$ GeV down to the threshold at $8.2$ GeV using a tagged photon beam with the GlueX experiment. We find the total cross section falls toward the threshold less steeply than expected from two-gluon exchange models. The differential cross section $dσ/dt$ has an exponential slope of $1.67 \pm 0.39$ GeV$^{-2}$ at $10.7$ GeV average energy. The LHCb pentaquark candidates $P_c^+$ can be produced in the $s$-channel of this reaction. We see no evidence for them and set model-dependent upper limits on their branching fractions $\mathcal{B}(P_c^+ \rightarrow J/ψp)$ and cross sections $σ(γp \to P_c^+)\times\mathcal{B}(P_c^+ \to J/ψp) $.

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Physics with Positron Beams at Jefferson Lab 12 GeV

Positron beams, both polarized and unpolarized, are identified as essential ingredients for the experimental program at the next generation of lepton accelerators. In the context of the Hadronic Physics program at the Jefferson Laboratory (JLab), positron beams are complementary, even essential, tools for a precise understanding of the electromagnetic structure of the nucleon, in both the elastic and the deep-inelastic regimes. For instance, elastic scattering of (un)polarized electrons and positrons off the nucleon allows for a model independent determination of the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon. Also, the deeply virtual Compton scattering of (un)polarized electrons and positrons allows us to separate unambiguously the different contributions to the cross section of the lepto-production of photons, enabling an accurate determination of the nucleon Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs), and providing an access to its Gravitational Form Factors. Furthermore, positron beams offer the possibility of alternative tests of the Standard Model through the search of a dark photon or the precise measurement of electroweak couplings. This letter proposes to develop an experimental positron program at JLab to perform unique high impact measurements with respect to the two-photon exchange problem, the determination of the proton and the neutron GPDs, and the search for the $A^{\prime}$ dark photon.

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Design and Operation of a Windowless Gas Target Internal to a Solenoidal Magnet for Use with a Megawatt Electron Beam

A windowless hydrogen gas target of nominal thickness $10^{19}$ cm$^{-2}$ is an essential component of the DarkLight experiment, which is designed to utilize the megawatt electron beam at an Energy Recovery Linac (ERL). The design of such a target is challenging because the pressure drops by many orders of magnitude between the central, high-density section of the target and the surrounding beamline, resulting in laminar, transitional, and finally molecular flow regimes. The target system was assembled and operated at Jefferson Lab's Low Energy Recirculator Facility (LERF) in 2016, and subsequently underwent several revisions and calibration tests at MIT Bates in 2017. The system at dynamic equilibrium was simulated in COMSOL to provide a better understanding of its optimal operation at other working points. We have determined that a windowless gas target with sufficiently high density for DarkLight's experimental needs is feasible in an ERL environment.

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Measurement of the beam asymmetry $Σ$ for $π^0$ and $η$ photoproduction on the proton at $E_γ= 9$ GeV

We report measurements of the photon beam asymmetry $Σ$ for the reactions $\vecγp\to pπ^0$ and $\vecγp\to pη$ from the GlueX experiment using a 9 GeV linearly-polarized, tagged photon beam incident on a liquid hydrogen target in Jefferson Lab's Hall D. The asymmetries, measured as a function of the proton momentum transfer, possess greater precision than previous $π^0$ measurements and are the first $η$ measurements in this energy regime. The results are compared with theoretical predictions based on $t$-channel, quasi-particle exchange and constrain the axial-vector component of the neutral meson production mechanism in these models.

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