A Two-Stage Physically Grounded Optical Design Framework with Application to a Multi-Channel Focal Reducer
We present a two-stage optimization framework that formalizes classical optical design strategies within a reproducible computational workflow. Starting point designs are constructed from paraxial and third-order models, providing optically consistent initial configurations. These configurations are refined through a physically grounded residual merit function evaluated by exact ray tracing, followed by RMS-based image refinement. Applied to a multi-channel astronomical focal reducer, the methodology provides a structured transition from aberration-based modeling to numerical optimization while preserving physically interpretable intermediate stages. By embedding classical optical design principles into an open computational pipeline, the approach reduces reliance on heuristic initial conditions and improves the reproducibility and interpretability of the design process.