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M. Sarzi

Publications and source records attributed to M. Sarzi.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

The SAURON project - VI. Line strength maps of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies

We present absorption line strength maps of 48 representative elliptical and lenticular galaxies obtained as part of the SAURON survey of nearby galaxies. Using high-quality spectra, spatially binned to a constant signal-to-noise, we measure four key age, metallicity and abundance ratio sensitive indices from the Lick/IDS system over a two-dimensional field extending up to approximately one effective radius. We modify the classical Fe5270 index to define a new index, Fe5270S, which maximizes the usable spatial coverage of SAURON. Maps of Hbeta, Fe5015, Mgb and Fe5270S are presented for each galaxy. We use the maps to compute average line strengths integrated over circular apertures of one-eighth effective radius, and compare the resulting relations of index versus velocity dispersion with previous long-slit work. The metal line strength maps show generally negative gradients with increasing radius roughly consistent with the morphology of the light profiles. Remarkable deviations from this general trend exist, particularly the Mgb isoindex contours appear to be flatter than the isophotes of the surface brightness for about 40% of our galaxies without significant dust features. Generally these galaxies exhibit significant rotation. We infer from this that the fast-rotating component features a higher metallicity and/or an increased Mg/Fe ratio as compared to the galaxy as a whole. The Hbeta maps are typically flat or show a mild positive outwards radial gradient, while a few galaxies show strong central peaks and/or elevated overall Hbeta-strength likely connected to recent star-formation activity. For the most prominent post-starburst galaxies even the metal line strength maps show a reversed gradient. (abridged)

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The stellar populations of E and S0 galaxies as seen with SAURON

We present selected results from integral-field spectroscopy of 48 early-type galaxies observed as part of the SAURON survey. Maps of the Hbeta, Fe5015, Mgb and Fe5270 indices in the Lick/IDS system were derived for each of the survey galaxies. The metal line strength maps show generally negative gradients with increasing radius roughly consistent with the morphology of the light profiles. Remarkable deviations from this general trend exist, particularly the Mgb isoindex contours appear to be flatter than the isophotes of the surface brightness for about 40% of our galaxies without significant dust features. Generally these galaxies exhibit significant rotation. We infer from this that the fast-rotating component features a higher metallicity and/or an increased Mg/Fe ratio as compared to the galaxy as a whole. We also use the line strengths maps to compute average values integrated over circular apertures of one effective radius, and derive luminosity weighted ages and metallicities. The lenticular galaxies show a wide range in age and metallicity estimates, while elliptical galaxies tend to occupy regions of older stellar populations.

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The relation between circular velocity and central velocity dispersion in low surface brightness galaxies

We analyzed a sample of high and low surface brightness (HSB and LSB) disc galaxies and elliptical galaxies to investigate the correlation between the circular velocity (Vc) and the central velocity dispersion (sigma). We better defined the previous Vc-sigma correlation for HSB and elliptical galaxies, especially at the lower end of the sigma values. Elliptical galaxies with Vc based on dynamical models or directly derived from the HI rotation curves follow the same relation as the HSB galaxies in the V-sigma plane. On the contrary, the LSB galaxies follow a different relation, since most of them show either higher Vc (or lower sigma) with respect to the HSB galaxies. This argues against the relevance of baryon collapse in the radial density profile of the dark matter haloes of LSB galaxies. Moreover, if the Vc-sigma relation is equivalent to one between the mass of the dark matter halo and that of the supermassive black hole, these results suggest that the LSB galaxies host a supermassive black hole with a smaller mass compared to HSB galaxies of equal dark matter halo. On the other hand, if the fundamental correlation of SMBH mass is with the halo Vc, then LSBs should have larger black hole masses for given bulge sigma.

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The SAURON project - IV. The mass-to-light ratio, the virial mass estimator and the fundamental plane of elliptical and lenticular galaxies

We investigate with unprecedented accuracy the correlations between the dynamical mass-to-light ratio M/L and other global observables of E and S0 galaxies. We construct two-integral Jeans and three-integral Schwarzschild dynamical models for a sample of 25 E/S0 galaxies with SAURON integral-field stellar kinematics. We find a tight correlation of the form (M/L)=(3.80+/-0.14)*(sigma/200 km/s)^(0.84+/-0.07) between the dynamical M/L (in the I-band) and the luminosity-weighted second moment (sigma) of the line-of-sight velocity-distribution within Re. The observed rms scatter in M/L for our sample is 18%, while the inferred intrinsic scatter is ~13%. The (M/L)-sigma relation can be included in the remarkable series of tight correlations between sigma and other galaxy global observables. The comparison of the observed correlations with the predictions of the Fundamental Plane (FP), and with simple virial estimates, shows that the `tilt' of the FP of early-type galaxies, is due to a real M/L variation, while structural and orbital non-homology have a negligible effect. The virial mass is a reliable estimator of the mass in the central regions of galaxies. The best-fitting virial relation has the form (M/L)_vir=(5.0+/-0.1)*Re*sigma^2/(L*G). The comparison of the dynamical M/L with the (M/L)_pop inferred from the analysis of the stellar population, indicates a median dark matter fraction in early-type galaxies of ~30% of the total mass inside one Re. (Abridged)

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NGC 4435: a bulge dominated galaxy with an unforeseen low mass central black hole

We present the ionised gas kinematics of the SB0 galaxy NGC 4435 from spectra obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. This galaxy has been selected on the basis of its ground-based spectroscopy, for displaying a position velocity diagram consistent with the presence of a circumnuclear Keplerian disc rotating around a supermassive black hole (SMBH). We obtained the Halpha and [NII](6583) kinematics kinematics in the galaxy nucleus along the major axis and two parallel offset positions. We built a dynamical model of the gaseous disc taking into account the whole bidimensional velocity field and the instrumental set-up. For the mass of the central SMBH we found an upper limit of 7.5e6 Msun at 3sigma level. This indicates that the mass of SMBH of NGC 4435 is lower than the one expected from the Mbh-sigma (5e7 Msun) and near-infrared Mbh- Lbulge (4e7 Msun) relationships.

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A SAURON study of stars and gas in Sa bulges

We present results from our ongoing effort to understand the morphological and kinematical properties of early-type galaxies using the integral-field spectrograph SAURON. We discuss the relation between the stellar and gas morphology and kinematics in our sub-sample of 24 representative Sa spiral bulges. We focus on the frequency of kinematically decoupled components and on the presence of star formation in circumnuclear rings.

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Dark Matter in the Central Regions of Early Type Galaxies

We investigate the well-known correlations between the dynamical mass-to-light ratio M/L and other global observables of elliptical (E) and lenticular (S0) galaxies. We construct two-integral Jeans and three-integral Schwarzschild dynamical models for a sample of 25 E/S0 galaxies with SAURON integral-field stellar kinematics to about one effective (half-light) radius R_e. The comparison of the dynamical M/L with the (M/L)_pop inferred from the analysis of the stellar population, indicates that dark matter in early-type galaxies contributes ~30% of the total mass inside one R_e, in agreement with previous studies, with significant variations from galaxy to galaxy. Our results suggest a variation in M/L at constant (M/L)_pop, which seems to be linked to the galaxy dynamics. We speculate that fast rotating galaxies have lower dark matter fractions than the slow rotating and generally more massive ones.

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The SAURON project - V. Integral-field emission-line kinematics of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies

We present the emission-line fluxes and kinematics of 48 representative elliptical and lenticular galaxies obtained with our custom-built integral-field spectrograph SAURON. Hb, [OIII], and [NI] emission lines were measured using a new procedure that simultaneously fits both the stellar spectrum and the emission lines. Using this technique we can detect emission lines down to an equivalent width of 0.1A set by the current limitations in describing galaxy spectra with synthetic and real stellar templates, rather than by the quality of our spectra. Emission is detected in 75% of our sample galaxies, and comes in a variety of resolved spatial distributions and kinematic behaviours. The ionised-gas kinematics is rarely consistent with simple coplanar circular motions. However, the gas almost never displays completely irregular kinematics, generally showing coherent motions with smooth variations in angular momentum. In the majority of the cases the gas kinematics is decoupled from the stellar kinematics, and in half of the objects this decoupling implies a recent acquisition of gaseous material. Over the entire sample however, the distribution of the mean misalignment values between stellar and gaseous angular momenta is inconsistent with a purely external origin. Consistent with previous studies, the presence of dust features is always accompanied by gas emission while the converse is not always true. A considerable range of values for the [OIII]/Hb ratio is found both across the sample and within single galaxies. Despite the limitations of this ratio as an emission-line diagnostic, this finding suggests either that a variety of mechanisms is responsible for the gas excitation in E and S0 galaxies or that the metallicity of the interstellar material is quite heterogeneous.

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The central kinematics of NGC 1399 measured with 14pc resolution

We present near infra-red (NIR) adaptive optics assisted spectroscopic observations of the CO ($Δμ=2$) absorption bands towards the centre of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1399. The observations were made with NAOS-CONICA (ESO VLT) and have a FWHM resolution of 0\farcs15 (14pc). Kinematic analysis of the observations reveals a decoupled core and strongly non-Gaussian line-of-sight velocity profiles (VPs) in the central 0.2 arcsec (19pc). NIR imaging also indicates an asymmetric elongation of the central isophotes in the same region. We use spherical orbit-superposition models to interpret the kinematics, using a set of orthogonal ``eigenVPs'' that allow us to fit models directly to spectra. The models require a central black hole of mass $1.2^{+0.5}_{-0.6}\times10^9M_\odot$, with a strongly tangentially biased orbit distribution in the inner 40pc.

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Stellar Kinematics and Populations of Early-Type Galaxies with the SAURON and OASIS Integral-Field Spectrographs

We summarise the results and achievements of integral-field spectroscopy of early-type galaxies, observed as part of a survey using both the SAURON and OASIS spectrographs. From the perspective of integral-field spectroscopy, these otherwise smooth and featureless objects show a wealth of structure, both in their stellar kinematics and populations. We focus on the stellar content, and examine properties on both kiloparsec scales with SAURON, and scales of 100's of parsecs with OASIS. These complementary studies reveal two types of kinematically distinct components (KDCs), differing primarily in their intrinsic sizes. In previous studies, KDCs and their host galaxies have generally been found to be unremarkable in other aspects. We show that large KDCs, typical of the well-studied cases, indeed show little or no age differences with their host galaxy. The KDCs detected with the higher spatial-resolution of OASIS are intrinsically smaller and include, in contrast, a significant fraction of young stars. We speculate on the relationship between KDCs and their host galaxies, and the implications for young populations in early-type galaxies.

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Morphology and kinematics of the ionised gas in early-type galaxies

We present results of our ongoing study of the morphology and kinematics of the ionised gas in 48 representative nearby elliptical and lenticular galaxies using the SAURON integral-field spectrograph on the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope. Making use of a recently developed technique, emission is detected in 75% of the galaxies. The ionised-gas distributions display varied morphologies, ranging from regular gas disks to filamentary structures. Additionally, the emission-line kinematic maps show, in general, regular motions with smooth variations in kinematic position angle. In most of the galaxies, the ionised-gas kinematics is decoupled from the stellar counterpart, but only some of them present signatures of recent accretion of gaseous material. The presence of dust is very common in our sample and is usually accompanied by gas emission. Our analysis of the [OIII]/Hbeta emission-line ratios, both across the whole sample as well as within the individual galaxies, suggests that there is no unique mechanism triggering the ionisation of the gas.

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On the relation between circular velocity and central velocity dispersion in high and low surface brightness galaxies

In order to investigate the correlation between the circular velocity Vc and the central velocity dispersion of the spheroidal component sigma_c, we analyzed these quantities for a sample of 40 high surface brightness disc galaxies (hereafter HSB), 8 giant low surface brightness spiral galaxies (hereafter LSB), and 24 elliptical galaxies characterized by flat rotation curves. We find that the Vc-sigma_c relation is descri ed by a linear law out to velocity dispersions as low as sigma_c~50km/s, while in previous works a power law was adopted for galaxies with sigma_c>80k/ms. Elliptical galaxies with Vc based on dynamical models or directly derived from the HI rotation curves follow the same relation as the HSB galaxies in the Vc-sigma_c plane. On the contrary, the LSB galaxies follow a different relation, since most of them show either higher Vc (or lower sigma_c) with respect to the HSB galaxies. This argues against the relevance of baryon collapse in the radial density profile of the dark matter haloes of LSB galaxies. (abridged)

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Masses of star clusters in the nuclei of bulge-less spiral galaxies

In the last decade star clusters have been found in the centers of spiral galaxies across all Hubble types. We here present a spectroscopic study of the exceptionally bright (10^6 - 10^8 Lsun) but compact (Re ~ 5 pc) nuclear star clusters in very late type spirals with UVES at the VLT. We find the velocity dispersions of the nine clusters in our sample to range from 13 to 34 km/s. Using photometric data from the HST/WFPC2 and spherically symmetric dynamical models we determine masses between 8*10^5 and 6*10^7 Msun. The mass to light ratios range from 0.2 to 1.5 in the I band. This indicates a young mean age for most clusters, in agreement with previous studies. Given their high masses and small sizes we find that nuclear clusters are among the objects with the highest mean surface density known (up to 10^5 Msun pc^-2). From their dynamical properties we infer that, rather than small bulges, the closest structural kin of nuclear clusters appear to be massive compact star clusters. This includes such different objects as globular clusters, "super star clusters", ultra compact dwarf galaxies and the nuclei of dwarf elliptical galaxies. It is a challenge to explain why, despite the wildly different current environments, all different types of massive star clusters share very similar and structural properties. A possible explanation links UCDs and massive globular clusters to nuclear star clusters through stripping of nucleated dwarf galaxies in a merger event. The extreme properties of this type of clusters would then be a consequence of their location in the centers of their respective host galaxies.

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Super massive black holes in spiral galaxies: HST/STIS observations for 3 new objects

We present long-slit HST/STIS measurements of the ionized-gas kinematics in the nucleus of three disk galaxies, namely NGC 2179, NGC 4343, NGC 4435. The sample galaxies have been selected on the basis of their ground-based spectroscopy, for displaying a strong central velocity gradient for the ionized gas, which is consistent with the presence of a circum nuclear keplerian disk (CNKD, Bertola et al. 1998; Funes et al. 2002) rotating around a super massive black hole (SMBH). For each target galaxy we obtained the H_alpha and [NII] 6583 AA kinematics along the major axis and two 0"25 parallel offset positions. Out of three objects only NGC 4435 turned out to have a disk of ionized gas in regular motion and a regular dust-lane morphology. Preliminary modeling indicates a SMBH mass one order of magnitude lower than the one expected from the M-sigma relation for galaxies (Ferrarese & Merritt 2000; Gebhardt et al. 2000).

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The V_c-sigma_c relation in high and low surface brightness galaxies

We investigate the relation between the asymptotic circular velocity, V_c, and the central stellar velocity dispersion, sigma_c, in galaxies. We consider a new sample of high surface brightness spiral galaxies (HSB), low surface brightness spiral galaxies (LSB), and elliptical galaxies with HI-based V_c measurements. We find that: 1) elliptical galaxies with HI measurements fit well within the relation; 2) a linear law can reproduce the data as well as a power law (used in previous works) even for galaxies with sigma_c < 70 km/s; 3) LSB galaxies, considered for the first time with this respect, seem to behave differently, showing either larger V_c values or smaller sigma_c values.

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The Nuclei of Late-type Spiral Galaxies

We summarize some recent results from our observational campaign to study the central regions of spiral galaxies of late Hubble type (Scd - Sm). These disk-dominated, bulgeless galaxies have an apparently uneventful merger history. The evolution of their nuclei thus holds important constraints on the mechanisms that are responsible for bulge formation and nuclear activity in spiral galaxies. We discuss the structural properties, stellar populations, and dynamical masses of the compact, luminous star cluster that is found in the nuclei of most late-type spiral galaxies. Although preliminary, our results strongly indicate that many galaxies of our sample experience repeated periods of nuclear star formation. While the exact mechanism that leads to the required high gas densities in the galaxy nucleus remains unclear, results from our recent CO survey of late-type spirals demonstrate that in most cases, the central kpc contains enough molecular gas to support repetitive nuclear starbursts.

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Central DM density cuspiness in LSB's: a stellar kinematics approach

We present preliminary results from spectroscopic observations of a sample of 11 low surface brightness galaxies (LSB). We measured the stellar and gaseous kinematics along their major and minor axes. Such information will allow us to accurately investigate the dark matter (DM) content within their optical regions, providing further constraints on the predictions of standard CDM models. Although dynamical modeling is still in progress, our observations already show that the derived stellar kinematics is more regular than the ionized gas one, which often shows evidence for non-circular and asymmetric motions.

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