arXiv subjects

M. Schultheis

Publications and source records attributed to M. Schultheis.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

X-shooter spectroscopy of giant stars in the nuclear star cluster

Near-IR spectra of a homogeneous sample of 15 red giants in the Galactic nuclear star cluster, within 1.5 pc of SgrA*, have been acquired with X-shooter at the Very Large Telescope. From these spectra line-of-sight radial velocities and chemical abundances of iron, carbon, oxygen and other alpha and light elements have been derived. By combining radial velocities from this study and proper motions from the literature we computed the orbits of these stars, finding that they have been confined within 12 pc from SgrA* for their entire lifetime, thus strongly suggesting an in-situ formation and evolution. Iron abundances between half and twice solar, about solar-scaled values within +/-0.1 dex for α elements, Ti and V, some enhancement of [Na/Fe], [K/Fe] and [Al/Fe] and some depletion of [C/Fe] with respect to the solar ratios have been measured. The inferred chemical abundance distributions are consistent with a formation from a gas enriched by both type II and type I SNe over a prolonged timescale, closely matching those of the metal-rich populations of the inner bulge field and other complex stellar systems like Terzan 5 and Liller 1.

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arXiv2026

Reassessing the low-$α$ massive sequence stars in Gaia RVS

Recently, a chemically depleted young massive stellar population was identified using the spectroscopic catalogue of Gaia DR3. To explain its characteristics, a recent enhanced star formation event, via a third infall occurring within the last 2 Gyr, has been evoked. In this paper we reassess the low alpha sequence of massive stars identified in the Gaia spectroscopic catalog and investigate their presence in other Milky Way spectroscopic survey catalogs. We select massive sequence stars and RGB stars from the Gaia DR3 catalogue using the same filtering strategy adopted in previous chemical cartography studies. These samples are then cross matched with APOGEE DR17, GALAH DR4, and Gaia CNN to enable a detailed comparison of stellar parameters and alpha abundances. Stellar masses are estimated by projecting their atmospheric parameters and infrared magnitudes onto PARSEC isochrones. For the massive star sample, we find large discrepancies in stellar parameters and calcium abundances between Gaia DR3 and the three external surveys. The external catalogues do not show a low ca sequence but rather resemble those of thin disc RGB stars. Other alpha elements (si in APOGEE and GALAH, and mg in GALAH) also do not show depleted values. In APOGEE, however, massive sequence stars with metallicities above -0.5 dex display lower mg abundances. We attribute this to APOGEE's use of macroturbulence velocities calibrated solely on metallicity. Our analysis does not show any evidence for alpha element depletion in massive sequence stars. Alpha abundances of massive sequence stars derived from the Gaia RVS spectra should therefore be used with caution. Nevertheless, the previously proposed three infall chemical evolution models remain plausible: even without a chemically depleted young massive population, scenarios involving only mild dilution could still account for recent star formation episodes.

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arXiv2026

Chemical radial gradients for the bulge-bar stellar populations from the APOGEE survey

The Milky Way bulge-bar is composed of multiple populations. Using chemical and kinematical planes, we segregate six populations in a bulge-bar sample observed by the APOGEE survey: two with bar-driven orbits, two with eccentric orbits, and two with low-eccentricity orbits, each composed of low- and high-[Mg/Fe] stars. Our sample spans $-2.0\lesssim$[Fe/H]$\lesssim+0.5$ and Galactocentric distance $R_{Gal}$ $<6$ kpc. We use chemical abundances from APOGEE DR17 for the elements Mg, Si, Ca, Al, K, Mn, Co, Ni, and Fe, and from the BAWLAS catalog for Ce and Nd. We find that the low- and high-[Mg/Fe] stars with low-eccentricity orbits, which exhibit chemical and orbital characteristics similar to those of the low- and high-[$α$/Fe] disks, display slightly negative and positive metallicity gradients, respectively. This result for the low-[Mg/Fe] low-eccentricity stars indicates a break in the global thin disk metallicity gradient. The high eccentricity populations with both low- and high-[Mg/Fe] show approximately flat metallicity gradients. In general, the [X/H] gradients of all elements for all populations follow Fe, except for the neutron-capture elements Ce and Nd. For all elements, the high-[Mg/Fe] bar population shows a much steeper positive [X/H] gradient than the nearly flat gradient for the low-[Mg/Fe] bar stars. The positive [X/H] gradients observed among our high-[Mg/Fe] bar stars probably reflect an age variation along the peanut structure. This interpretation agrees with the N-body simulations. Such steep positive gradients have also been reported in some high-redshift (z$\sim$4--10) galaxies.

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arXiv2026

The LEGARE Project. I. Chemical evolution model of the Nuclear Stellar Disc in a Bayesian framework

The Nuclear Stellar Disc (NSD) of the Milky Way is a dense, rotating stellar system in the central 200 pc. The NSD is thought to be primarily fuelled by bar-driven gas inflows from the inner Galactic disc. As part of the LEGARE project, we construct the first chemical evolution models for the NSD using a Bayesian approach tailored to reproduce the observed metallicity distribution functions (MDFs) and compared with the available abundance ratios for Mg, Si, Ca relative to Fe. We adopt a state-of-the-art chemical evolution model in which the gas responsible for the formation of the NSD is assumed to be driven by the Galactic bar-induced inflows. The chemical composition of the accreted material is assumed to reflect that of the Galactic disc at a radius of 4 kpc. A Bayesian MCMC framework is used to fit the MDFs of different samples of NSD stars. If we take the NSD data at face value, without considering a possible contamination from bulge stars, we find that a formation scenario based on the inner disc flowing gas is inconsistent with the low metallicity tail of the observed MDF. This is because the inner disc metallicity, at the epoch of bar formation, was already near solar. On the other hand, models invoking dilution from additional metal-poor inflows successfully reproduce the observations. The best-fit model requires inflow metallicity 5 times lower than the inner disc and a moderate star formation efficiency. The same model successfully reproduces the observed [$α$/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] ratios and predicts a star formation history consistent with the most recent estimates. However, if we assume that the MDF is contaminated by metal poor bulge stars and restricted to [Fe/H] > -0.3 dex, gas dilution is no longer required. In this case, the best-fit model has a very low star formation efficiency and a mild galactic wind.

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arXiv2025

Milky Way disc & Bulge in situ populations: ESO white paper - Expanding horizons call

The formation and evolution of the Milky Way's disc, bar, and bulge remain fundamentally limited by the lack of a contiguous, Galaxy-wide, high-precision chemo-dynamical map. Key open questions - including the survival or destruction of the primitive discs, the origin of the bulge's multi-component structure, the role of mergers and secular processes, and the coupling between stellar chemistry, dynamics, and the Galactic potential - cannot be fully resolved with current or planned facilities. Existing spectroscopic surveys provide either high resolution for small samples or wide coverage at insufficient resolution and depth, and none can obtain homogeneous abundances, precise 3D kinematics, and reliable ages for the millions of stars required, particularly in the obscured midplane, the far side of the bar, or the outer, low-density disc. A new wide-field, massively multiplexed, large-aperture spectroscopic facility, capable of both high- and low-resolution spectroscopy over tens of thousands of square degrees, is therefore essential. Such a facility would deliver the statistical power, sensitivity, and completeness needed to reconstruct the Galaxy's assembly history, constrain its gravitational potential, and establish the Milky Way as the definitive benchmark for galaxy evolution.

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arXiv2025

Why the Northern Hemisphere Needs a 30-40 m Telescope and the Science at Stake: Resolved Stellar Populations Studies in M31 and its Satellites

A 30 m class optical/near-IR telescope in the Northern Hemisphere, equipped for diffraction-limited imaging and high-resolution, multi-object spectroscopy of faint stars, would enable a transformational investigation of the formation and evolution of M31 and its satellite system - on par with what Gaia, the HST, and other major photometric and spectroscopic facilities have achieved for the Milky Way (MW) and its satellites. The unprecedented detail obtained for our home system has reshaped our understanding of the assembly of the MW disk, halo, and bulge, and that of its satellites, which now serve as a benchmark for galaxy formation and evolution models. Extending this level of insight to the M31 system - that of the nearest massive spiral and the only one for which such a comprehensive, resolved stellar population study is feasible - will allow us to address a fundamental question: how representative is the MW and its satellite system within the broader context of galaxy evolution?

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arXiv2025

Chemical analysis of the Milky Way's Nuclear Star Cluster: Evidence for a metallicity gradient

The Milky Way nuclear star cluster (MWNSC) is located together with its surrounding nuclear stellar disc (MWNSD) in the Galactic centre and they dominate the gravitational potential within the inner 300\,pc. However, the formation and evolution of both systems and their possible connections are still under debate. We reanalyse the low-resolution KMOS spectra in the MWNSC with the aim to improve the stellar parameters ($\rm T_{eff}$, $\rm \log\,g$, and $\rm [M/H])$ for the MWNSC. We use an improved line-list, especially dedicated for cool M giants allowing to improve the stellar parameters and to obtain in addition global $\rm α$-elements. A comparison with high-resolution IR spectra (IGRINS) gives very satisfactory results pinning down the uncertainties to $\rm T_{eff} \simeq 150\,K$, $\rm log\,g \simeq 0.4\,dex$, and $\rm [M/H] \simeq 0.2\,dex$. Our $\rm α$-elements agree within 0.1\,dex compared to the IGRINS spectra. We obtain a high-quality sample of 1140 M giant stars where we see an important contribution of a metal-poor population ($\rm \sim 20\,\%$) centered at $\rm [M/H] \simeq -0.7\,dex$ while the most dominant part comes from the metal-rich population with $\rm [M/H] \simeq 0.26\,dex$. We construct a metallicity map and find a metallicity gradient of $\rm \sim -0.1 \pm 0.02 \,dex/pc$ favouring the inside-out formation scenario for the MWNSC.

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arXiv2025

Supergiant GCIRS 22 in the Milky Way Nuclear Star Cluster: Revised alpha abundances

Context: The chemical abundances of alpha-elements in Galactic Centre (GC) supergiants provide key insights into the chemical enrichment and star formation history of the Milky Way's Nuclear Star Cluster. Previous studies have reported enhanced alpha-element abundances, raising questions about the chemical evolution of this unique region. Aims: We aim to reassess the alpha-element abundances in the GC supergiant GCIRS 22 using updated spectral modelling and non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) corrections to resolve discrepancies from earlier abundance analyses. Methods: High-resolution near-infrared spectra of GCIRS 22 were analysed using contemporary line lists and precise stellar parameters derived from scandium line diagnostics. We applied comprehensive NLTE corrections to accurately determine the abundances of silicon and calcium. Results: Our analysis reveals solar-scale alpha abundances ([Ca/Fe] = 0.06 $\pm$ 0.07; [Si/Fe] = $-$0.08 $\pm$ 0.20) for GCIRS 22, significantly lower than previous LTE-based findings. NLTE corrections reduce the calcium abundance by approximately 0.3,dex compared to LTE estimates, aligning our results with recent studies and highlighting the importance of accurate NLTE modelling. Conclusions: The solar-scale alpha-element abundances observed in GCIRS 22 suggest that recent star formation in the region has not been dominated by Type II supernovae, such as those expected from a recent starburst. Our findings support a scenario of episodic star formation, characterized by intermittent bursts separated by extended quiescent phases, or potentially driven by gas inflows from the inner disk, funnelled by the Galactic bar. Future comprehensive NLTE studies of additional GC stars will be essential for refining our understanding of the region's chemical evolution and star formation history.

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arXiv2025

Abundances of P, S, and K in 58 bulge spheroid stars from APOGEE

We have previously studied several elements in 58 selected bulge spheroid stars, based on spectral lines in the H-band. We now derive the abundances of the less-studied elements phosphorus (P; Z=15), sulphur (S; Z=16), and potassium (K; Z=19). The abundances of P, S, and K in 58 bulge spheroid stars are compared both with the results of a previous analysis of the data from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), and with a few available studies of these elements. We derive the individual abundances through spectral synthesis, using the stellar physical parameters available for our sample from the DR17 release of the APOGEE project. We provide recommendations for the best lines to be used for the studied elements among those in the H-band. We also compare the present results, together with literature data, with chemical-evolution models. Finally, the neutrino-process was taken into account for the suitable fit to the odd-Z elements P and K. We confirm that the H-band has useful lines for the derivation of the elements P, S, and K in moderately metal-poor stars. The abundances, plotted together with literature results from high-resolution spectroscopy, indicate that: moderately enhanced phosphorus stars are found, reminiscent results obtained for thick disk and halo stars of metallicity [Fe/H]~-1.0. Therefore, for the first time, we identify this effect to occur in the old stars from the bulge spheroid. Sulphur is an alpha-element and behaves as such. Potassium and sulphur both exhibit some star-to-star scatter, but fit within the expectations from chemical evolution models.

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arXiv2025

Chemical Abundances in the Milky Way's Nuclear Stellar Disc

The Nuclear Stellar Disc (NSD) is a rotating, disc-like structure in the Galactic Center, believed to have a distinct star formation. However, its formation history and evolutionary links to other structures in the Galactic Center remain uncertain. This study aims to present the first comprehensive chemical census of the NSD by deriving abundance trends for 18 elements in 9 M giants in the metallicity range of -1.0 <[Fe/H]< 0.5. By comparing these trends with those of other Galactic populations we seek to understand the chemical relationships between these structures. We obtained high-resolution H- and K-band spectra of NSD stars using the IGRINS spectrometer mounted on the Gemini South telescope. The giants were analyzed consistently with stars from a comparison populations to minimize systematic uncertainties. The abundance trends of NSD stars exhibit similarities with those of the inner-bulge and Nuclear Star Cluster (NSC) populations across a broad range of elements with different chemical evolution histories. The trends for 17 elements align closely with the local thick-disc behaviour at subsolar metallicities. At super-solar metallicities, most elements follow the NSC and inner-bulge trends. Sodium is the only element exhibiting a distinct trend, with enhanced abundances in the NSD and NSC compared to both thin-disc and inner-bulge stars. The chemical similarity suggests that the NSD likely shares an evolutionary history with the NSC and possibly the inner-disc sequence. Further studies are required to determine potential evolutionary links to Liller 1 and metal-rich globular clusters. We find no evidence of typical globular cluster abundance signatures in our NSD stars with subsolar metallicities. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining high-quality abundance data even in highly dust-obscured regions of the Milky Way, paving the way for future surveys.

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arXiv2025

UNIONS: The Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey

The Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS) is a "collaboration of collaborations" that is using the Canada-France-Hawai'i Telescope, the Pan-STARRS telescopes, and the Subaru Observatory to obtain $ugriz$ images of a core survey region of 6250 deg$^2$ of the northern sky. The $10σ$ point source depth of the data, as measured within a 2-arcsecond diameter aperture, are $[u,g,r,i,z] = [23.7, 24.5, 24.2, 23.8, 23.3]$\ in AB magnitudes. UNIONS is addressing some of the most fundamental questions in astronomy, including the properties of dark matter, the growth of structure in the Universe from the very smallest galaxies to large-scale structure, and the assembly of the Milky Way. It is set to become the major ground-based legacy survey for the northern hemisphere for the next decade and provides an essential northern complement to the static-sky science of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time. UNIONS supports the core science mission of the {\it Euclid} space mission by providing the data necessary in the northern hemisphere for the calibration of the wavelength dependence of the {\it Euclid} point-spread function and derivation of photometric redshifts in the North Galactic Cap. This region contains the highest quality sky for {\it Euclid}, with low backgrounds from the zodiacal light, stellar density, extinction, and emission from Galactic cirrus. Here, we describe the UNIONS survey components, science goals, data products, and the current status of the overall program.

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arXiv2024

Chemical Abundances in the Nuclear Star Cluster of the Milky Way: alpha-Element Trends and Their Similarities with the Inner Bulge

A chemical characterization of the Galactic Center is essential for understanding its formation and structural evolution. Trends of alpha-elements, such as Mg, Si, and Ca, serve as powerful diagnostic tools, offering insights into star-formation rates and gas-infall history. However, high extinction has previously hindered such studies. In this study, we present a detailed chemical abundance analysis of M giants in the Milky Way's Nuclear Star Cluster (NSC), focusing on alpha-element trends with metallicity. High-resolution, near-infrared spectra were obtained using the IGRINS spectrograph on the Gemini South telescope for nine M giants. Careful selection of spectral lines, based on a solar-neighborhood control sample of 50 M giants, was implemented to minimize systematic uncertainties. Our findings show enhanced alpha-element abundances in the predominantly metal-rich NSC stars, consistent with trends in the inner bulge. The NSC stars follow the high-[alpha/Fe] envelope seen in the solar vicinity's metal-rich population, indicating a high star-formation rate. The alpha-element trends decrease with increasing metallicity, also at the highest metallicities. Our results suggest the NSC population likely shares a similar evolutionary history with the inner bulge, challenging the idea of a recent dominant star formation burst. This connection between the NSC and the inner-disk sequence suggests that the chemical properties of extragalactic NSCs of Milky Way type galaxies could serve as a proxy for understanding the host galaxies' evolutionary processes.

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arXiv2024

Abundances of iron-peak elements in 58 bulge spheroid stars from APOGEE

Stars presently identified in the bulge spheroid are probably very old, and their abundances can be interpreted as due to the fast chemical enrichment of the early Galactic bulge. The abundances of the iron-peak elements are important tracers of nucleosynthesis processes, in particular oxygen burning, silicon burning, the weak s-process, and alpha-rich freeze-out. Aims. The aim of this work is to derive the abundances of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu in 58 bulge spheroid stars and to compare them with the results of a previous analysis of data from APOGEE. We selected the best lines for V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu located within the H-band of the spectrum, identifying the most suitable ones for abundance determination, and discarding severe blends. Using the stellar physical parameters available for our sample from the DR17 release of the APOGEE project, we derived the individual abundances through spectrum synthesis. We then complemented these measurements with similar results from different bulge field and globular cluster stars, in order to define the trends of the individual elements and compare with the results of chemical-evolution models. We verify that the H-band has useful lines for the derivation of the elements V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu in moderately metal-poor stars. The resulting abundances indicate that: V, Cr, and Ni vary in lockstep with Fe; Co tends to vary in lockstep with Fe, but could be showing a slight decrease with decreasing metallicity; and Mn and Cu decrease with decreasing metallicity. These behaviours are well reproduced by chemical-evolution models except for Cu, which appears to drop faster than the models predict for moderate metallicities. Finally, abundance indicators combined with kinematical and dynamical criteria appear to show that our 58 sample stars are likely to have originated in situ.

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arXiv2024

Metallicity-dependent kinematics and orbits in the Milky Way's nuclear stellar disc

The nuclear stellar disc (NSD) is a flat and dense stellar structure at the centre of the Milky Way. Previous work has identified the presence of metal-rich and metal-poor stars in the NSD, suggesting that they have different origins. The recent publication of photometric, metallicity, proper motion, and orbital catalogues allows the NSD stellar population to be characterised with unprecedented detail. We aim to explore the proper motions and orbits of NSD stars with different metallicities to assess whether they have different origins and to better understand the metallicity distribution in the NSD. We distinguished between metal-rich and metal-poor stars by applying a Gaussian mixture model, as done in previous work, and analysed the proper motions, orbits, and spatial distribution of stars with different metallicities. We find that metal-rich stars exhibit a lower velocity dispersion, suggesting that they trace a kinematically cooler component compared to metal-poor ones. Furthermore, z-tube orbits are predominant among metal-rich stars, while chaotic/box orbits are more common among metal-poor ones. We also find that metal-rich and metal-poor stars show a similar extinction and are present throughout the analysed regions. As a secondary result, we detected a metallicity gradient in the metal-rich population with higher metallicity towards the centre of the NSD and a tentative gradient for the metal-poor stars, which is consistent with previous studies that did not distinguish between the two populations. Our results suggest that metal-rich stars trace the NSD, whereas metal-poor ones are related to the Galactic bar and probably constitute Galactic bar interlopers and/or are NSD stars that originated from accreted clusters. The detected metallicity gradients aligns with the currently accepted inside-out formation of the NSD.

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arXiv2024

A perspective on the Milky Way Bulge-Bar as seen from the neutron-capture elements Cerium and Neodymium with APOGEE

This study probes the chemical abundances of the neutron-capture elements cerium and neodymium in the inner Milky Way from an analysis of a sample of $\sim$2000 stars in the Galactic Bulge/bar spatially contained within $|X_{Gal}|<$5 kpc, $|Y_{Gal}|<$3.5 kpc, and $|Z_{Gal}|<$1 kpc, and spanning metallicities between $-$2.0$\lesssim$[Fe/H]$\lesssim$+0.5. We classify the sample stars into low- or high-[Mg/Fe] populations and find that, in general, values of [Ce/Fe] and [Nd/Fe] increase as the metallicity decreases for the low- and high-[Mg/Fe] populations. Ce abundances show a more complex variation across the metallicity range of our Bulge-bar sample when compared to Nd, with the r-process dominating the production of neutron-capture elements in the high-[Mg/Fe] population ([Ce/Nd]$<$0.0). We find a spatial chemical dependence of Ce and Nd abundances for our sample of Bulge-bar stars, with low- and high-[Mg/Fe] populations displaying a distinct abundance distribution. In the region close to the center of the MW, the low-[Mg/Fe] population is dominated by stars with low [Ce/Fe], [Ce/Mg], [Nd/Mg], [Nd/Fe], and [Ce/Nd] ratios. The low [Ce/Nd] ratio indicates a significant contribution in this central region from r-process yields for the low-[Mg/Fe] population. The chemical pattern of the most metal-poor stars in our sample suggests an early chemical enrichment of the Bulge dominated by yields from core-collapse supernovae and r-process astrophysical sites, such as magneto-rotational supernovae.

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arXiv2024

Orbital analysis of stars in the nuclear stellar disc of the Milky Way

While orbital analysis studies were so far mainly focused on the Galactic halo, it is possible now to do these studies in the heavily obscured region close to the Galactic Centre. We aim to do a detailed orbital analysis of stars located in the nuclear stellar disc (NSD) of the Milky Way allowing us to trace the dynamical history of this structure. We integrated orbits of the observed stars in a non-axisymmetric potential. We used a Fourier transform to estimate the orbital frequencies. We compared two orbital classifications, one made by eye and the other with an algorithm, in order to identify the main orbital families. We also compared the Lyapunov and the frequency drift techniques to estimate the chaoticity of the orbits. We identified several orbital families as chaotic, $z$-tube, $x$-tube, banana, fish, saucer, pretzel, 5:4, and 5:6 orbits. As expected for stars located in a NSD, the large majority of orbits are identified as $z$-tubes (or as a sub-family of $z$-tubes). Since the latter are parented by $x_{2}$ orbits, this result supports the contribution of the bar (in which $x_{2}$ orbits are dominant in the inner region) in the formation of the NSD. Moreover, most of the chaotic orbits are found to be contaminants from the bar or bulge which would confirm the predicted contamination from the most recent NSD models. Based on a detailed orbital analysis, we were able to classify orbits into various families, most of which are parented by $x_{2}$-type orbits, which are dominant in the inner part of the bar.

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arXiv2023

Gaia Focused Product Release: Spatial distribution of two diffuse interstellar bands

Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are absorption features seen in optical and infrared spectra of stars that are probably caused by large and complex molecules in the ISM. Here we investigate the Galactic distribution and properties of two DIBs identified in almost six million stellar spectra collected by the Gaia Radial Velocity Spectrometer. These measurements constitute a part of the Gaia Focused Product Release to be made public between the Gaia DR3 and DR4 data releases. In order to isolate the DIB signal from the stellar features in each individual spectrum, we identified a set of 160 000 spectra at high Galactic latitudes which we consider to be the DIB-free reference sample. Matching each target spectrum to its closest reference spectra in stellar parameter space allowed us to remove the stellar spectrum empirically, without reference to stellar models, leaving a set of six million ISM spectra. Identifying the two DIBs at 862.1 nm and 864.8 nm in the stacked spectra, we modelled their shapes and report the depth, central wavelength, width, and equivalent width (EW) for each, along with confidence bounds on these measurements. Our main results are as follows: (1) the strength and spatial distribution of the DIB $λ$862.1 are very consistent with what was found in Gaia DR3, but for this work we attained a higher signal-to-noise ratio in the stacked spectra to larger distances, which allowed us to trace DIBs in the outer spiral arm and beyond the Scutum--Centaurus spiral arm; (2) we produced an all-sky map below ${\pm}65^{\circ}$ of Galactic latitude to $\sim$4000 pc of both DIB features and their correlations; (3) we detected the signals of DIB\,$λ$862.1 inside the Local Bubble; and (4) there is a reasonable correlation with the dust reddening found from stellar absorption and EWs of both DIBs.

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arXiv2023

Smooth kinematic and metallicity gradients reveal that the Milky Way's nuclear star cluster and disc might be part of the same structure

The innermost regions of most galaxies are characterised by the presence of extremely dense nuclear star clusters. Nevertheless, these clusters are not the only stellar component present in galactic nuclei, where larger stellar structures known as nuclear stellar discs, have also been found. Understanding the relation between nuclear star clusters and nuclear stellar discs is challenging due to the large distance towards other galaxies which limits their analysis to integrated light. The Milky Way's centre, at only 8 kpc, hosts a nuclear star cluster and a nuclear stellar disc, constituting a unique template to understand their relation and formation scenario. We aim to study the kinematics and stellar metallicity of stars from the Milky Way's nuclear star cluster and disc to shed light on the relation between these two Galactic centre components. We used publicly available photometric, proper motions, and spectroscopic catalogues to analyse a region of $\sim2.8'\times4.9'$ centred on the Milky Way's nuclear star cluster. We built colour magnitude diagrams, and applied colour cuts to analyse the kinematic and metallicity distributions of Milky Way's nuclear star cluster and disc stars with different extinction along the line of sight. We detect kinematics and metallicity gradients for the analysed stars along the line of sight towards the Milky Way's nuclear star cluster, suggesting a smooth transition between the nuclear stellar disc and cluster. We also find a bi-modal metallicity distribution for all the analysed colour bins, which is compatible with previous work on the bulk population of the nuclear stellar disc and cluster. Our results suggest that these two Galactic centre components might be part of the same structure with the Milky Way's nuclear stellar disc being the grown edge of the nuclear star cluster.

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