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M. T. Homer Reid

Publications and source records attributed to M. T. Homer Reid.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Factorized Machine Learning for Performance Modeling of Massively Parallel Heterogeneous Physical Simulations

We demonstrate neural-network runtime prediction for complex, many-parameter, massively parallel, heterogeneous-physics simulations running on cloud-based MPI clusters. Because individual simulations are so expensive, it is crucial to train the network on a limited dataset despite the potentially large input space of the physics at each point in the spatial domain. We achieve this using a two-part strategy. First, we perform data-driven static load balancing using regression coefficients extracted from small simulations, which both improves parallel performance and reduces the dependency of the runtime on the precise spatial layout of the heterogeneous physics. Second, we divide the execution time of these load-balanced simulations into computation and communication, factoring crude asymptotic scalings out of each term, and training neural nets for the remaining factor coefficients. This strategy is implemented for Meep, a popular and complex open-source electrodynamics simulation package, and are validated for heterogeneous simulations drawn from published engineering models.

physics.comp-ph↗

Photon Torpedoes and Rytov Pinwheels: Integral-Equation Modeling of Non-Equilibrium Fluctuation-Induced Forces and Torques on Nanoparticles

We present new theoretical tools, based on fluctuational electrodynamics and the integral-equation approach to computational electromagnetism, for numerical modeling of forces and torques on bodies of complex shapes and materials due to emission of thermal radiation out of thermal equilibrium. This extends our recently-developed fluctuating-surface-current (FSC) and fluctuating-volume-current (FVC) techniques for radiative heat transfer to the computation of non-equilibrium fluctuation-induced forces and torques; as we show, the extension is non-trivial due to the greater computational cost of modeling radiative momentum transfer, including new singularities that must be carefully neutralized. We introduce a new analytical cancellation technique that addresses these challenges and allows, for the first time, accurate and efficient prediction of non-equilibrium forces and torques on bodies of essentially arbitrary shapes---including asymmetric and chiral particles---and complex material properties, including continuously-varying and anisotropic dielectrics. We validate our approach by showing that it reproduces known results, then present new numerical predictions of non-equilibrium self-propulsion, self-rotation, and momentum-transfer phenomena in complex geometries that would be difficult or impossible to study with existing methods. Our findings indicate that the fluctuation-induced dynamics of micron-size room-temperature bodies in cold environments involve microscopic length scales but macroscopic time scales, with typical linear and angular velocities on the order of microns/second and radians/second; For a micron-scale gear driven by thermal radiation from a nearby chiral emitter, we find a strong and non-monotonic dependence of the magnitude and even the \textit{sign} of the induced torque on the temperature of the emitter.

physics.optics↗

Taylor-Duffy Method for Singular Tetrahedron-Product Integrals: Efficient Evaluation of Galerkin Integrals for VIE Solvers

I present an accurate and efficient technique for numerical evaluation of singular 6-dimensional integrals over tetrahedon-product domains, with applications to calculation of Galerkin matrix elements for discretized volume-integral-equation (VIE) solvers using Schaubert-Wilton-Glisson (SWG) and other tetrahedral basis functions. My method extends the generalized Taylor-Duffy strategy---used to handle the singular \textit{triangle}-product integrals arising in discretized surface-integral-equation (SIE) formulations---to the tetrahedron-product case; it effects an exact transformation of a singular 6-dimensional integral to an nonsingular lower-dimensional integral that may be evaluated by simple numerical cubature The method is highly general and may---with the aid of automatic code generation facilitated by computer-algebra systems---be applied to a wide variety of singular integrals arising in various VIE formulations with various types of tetrahedral basis function, of which I present several examples. To demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of my method, I apply it to the calculation of matrix elements for the volume electric-field integral equation (VEFIE) discretized with SWG basis functions, where the method yields 12-digit or higher accuracy with low computational cost---an improvement of many orders of magnitude compared to existing techniques.

math.NA↗

Limits to the Optical Response of Graphene and 2D Materials

2D materials provide a platform for strong light--matter interactions, creating wide-ranging design opportunities via new-material discoveries and new methods for geometrical structuring. We derive general upper bounds to the strength of such light--matter interactions, given only the optical conductivity of the material, including spatial nonlocality, and otherwise independent of shape and configuration. Our material figure of merit shows that highly doped graphene is an optimal material at infrared frequencies, whereas single-atomic-layer silver is optimal in the visible. For quantities ranging from absorption and scattering to near-field spontaneous-emission enhancements and radiative heat transfer, we consider canonical geometrical structures and show that in certain cases the bounds can be approached, while in others there may be significant opportunity for design improvement. The bounds can encourage systematic improvements in the design of ultrathin broadband absorbers, 2D antennas, and near-field energy harvesters.

physics.optics↗

Non-intuitive Computational Optimization of Illumination Patterns for Maximum Optical Force and Torque

This paper aims to maximize optical force and torque on arbitrary micro- and nano-scale objects using numerically optimized structured illumination. By developing a numerical framework for computer-automated design of 3d vector-field illumination, we demonstrate a 20-fold enhancement in optical torque per intensity over circularly polarized plane wave on a model plasmonic particle. The nonconvex optimization is efficiently performed by combining a compact cylindrical Bessel basis representation with a fast boundary element method and a standard derivative-free, local optimization algorithm. We analyze the optimization results for 2000 random initial configurations, discuss the tradeoff between robustness and enhancement, and compare the different effects of multipolar plasmon resonances on enhancing force and torque. All results are obtained using open-source computational software available online.

physics.optics↗

Fundamental limits to optical response in absorptive systems

At visible and infrared frequencies, metals show tantalizing promise for strong subwavelength resonances, but material loss typically dampens the response. We derive fundamental limits to the optical response of absorptive systems, bounding the largest enhancements possible given intrinsic material losses. Through basic conservation-of-energy principles, we derive geometry-independent limits to per-volume absorption and scattering rates, and to local-density-of-states enhancements that represent the power radiated or expended by a dipole near a material body. We provide examples of structures that approach our absorption and scattering limits at any frequency, by contrast, we find that common "antenna" structures fall far short of our radiative LDOS bounds, suggesting the possibility for significant further improvement. Underlying the limits is a simple metric, $|χ|^2 / \operatorname{Im} χ$ for a material with susceptibility $χ$, that enables broad technological evaluation of lossy materials across optical frequencies.

physics.optics↗

Fluctuating volume-current formulation of electromagnetic fluctuations in inhomogeneous media: incandecence and luminescence in arbitrary geometries

We describe a fluctuating volume--current formulation of electromagnetic fluctuations that extends our recent work on heat exchange and Casimir interactions between arbitrarily shaped homogeneous bodies [Phys. Rev. B. 88, 054305] to situations involving incandescence and luminescence problems, including thermal radiation, heat transfer, Casimir forces, spontaneous emission, fluorescence, and Raman scattering, in inhomogeneous media. Unlike previous scattering formulations based on field and/or surface unknowns, our work exploits powerful techniques from the volume--integral equation (VIE) method, in which electromagnetic scattering is described in terms of volumetric, current unknowns throughout the bodies. The resulting trace formulas (boxed equations) involve products of well-studied VIE matrices and describe power and momentum transfer between objects with spatially varying material properties and fluctuation characteristics. We demonstrate that thanks to the low-rank properties of the associatedmatrices, these formulas are susceptible to fast-trace computations based on iterative methods, making practical calculations tractable. We apply our techniques to study thermal radiation, heat transfer, and fluorescence in complicated geometries, checking our method against established techniques best suited for homogeneous bodies as well as applying it to obtain predictions of radiation from complex bodies with spatially varying permittivities and/or temperature profiles.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Generalized Taylor-Duffy Method for Efficient Evaluation of Galerkin Integrals in Boundary-Element Method Computations

We present a generic technique, automated by computer-algebra systems and available as open-source software \cite{scuff-em}, for efficient numerical evaluation of a large family of singular and nonsingular 4-dimensional integrals over triangle-product domains, such as those arising in the boundary-element method (BEM) of computational electromagnetism. To date, practical implementation of BEM solvers has often required the aggregation of multiple disparate integral-evaluation schemes to treat all of the distinct types of integrals needed for a given BEM formulation; in contrast, our technique allows many different types of integrals to be handled by the \emph{same} algorithm and the same code implementation. Our method is a significant generalization of the Taylor--Duffy approach \cite{Taylor2003,Duffy1982}, which was originally presented for just a single type of integrand; in addition to generalizing this technique to a broad class of integrands, we also achieve a significant improvement in its efficiency by showing how the \emph{dimension} of the final numerical integral may often be reduced by one. In particular, if $n$ is the number of common vertices between the two triangles, in many cases we can reduce the dimension of the integral from $4-n$ to $3-n$, obtaining a closed-form analytical result for $n=3$ (the common-triangle case).

physics.comp-ph↗

Photon Emission Rate Engineering using Graphene Nanodisc Cavities

In this work, we present a systematic study of the plasmon modes in a system of vertically stacked pair of graphene discs. Quasistatic approximation is used to model the eigenmodes of the system. Eigen-response theory is employed to explain the spatial dependence of the coupling between the plasmon modes and a quantum emitter. These results show a good match between the semi-analytical calculation and full-wave simulations. Secondly, we have shown that it is possible to engineer the decay rates of a quantum emitter placed inside and near this cavity, using Fermi level tuning, via gate voltages and variation of emitter location and polarization. We highlighted that by coupling to the bright plasmon mode, the radiative efficiency of the emitter can be enhanced compared to the single graphene disc case, whereas the dark plasmon mode suppresses the radiative efficiency.

physics.optics↗

Transformation Optics scheme for two-dimensional materials

Two dimensional optical materials, such as graphene can be characterized by a surface conductivity. So far, the transformation optics schemes have focused on three dimensional properties such as permittivity $ε$ and permeability $μ$. In this paper, we use a scheme for transforming surface currents to highlight that the surface conductivity transforms in a way different from $ε$ and $μ$. We use this surface conductivity transformation to demonstrate an example problem of reducing scattering of plasmon mode from sharp protrusions in graphene.

physics.optics↗

Fundamental limits to nanoparticle extinction

We show that there are shape-independent upper bounds to the extinction cross section per unit volume of randomly oriented nanoparticles, given only material permittivity. Underlying the limits are restrictive sum rules that constrain the distribution of quasistatic eigenvalues. Surprisingly, optimally-designed spheroids, with only a single quasistatic degree of freedom, reach the upper bounds for four permittivity values. Away from these permittivities, we demonstrate computationally-optimized structures that surpass spheroids and approach the fundamental limits.

physics.optics↗

Geometry-induced Casimir suspension of oblate bodies in fluids

We predict that a low-permittivity oblate body (disk-shaped object) above a thin metal substrate (plate with a hole) immersed in a fluidof intermediate permittivity will experience a meta-stable equilibrium (restoring force) near the center of the hole. Stability is the result of a geometry-induced transition in the sign of the force, from repulsive to attractive, that occurs as the disk approaches the hole---in planar or nearly-planar geometries, the same material combination yields a repulsive force at all separations in accordance with the Dzyaloshinskii--Lifshitz--Pitaevskii condition of fluid-induced repulsion between planar bodies. We explore the stability of the system with respect to rotations and lateral translations of the disks, and demonstrate interesting transitions (bifurcations) in the rotational stability of the disks as a function of their size. Finally, we consider the reciprocal situation in which the disk--plate materials are interchanged, and find that in this case the system also exhibits meta-stability. The forces in the system are sufficiently large to be observed in experiments and should enable measurements based on the diffusion dynamics of the suspended bodies.

cond-mat.other↗

Efficient Computation of Power, Force, and Torque in BEM Scattering Calculations

We present concise, computationally efficient formulas for several quantities of interest -- including absorbed and scattered power, optical force (radiation pressure), and torque -- in scattering calculations performed using the boundary-element method (BEM) [also known as the method of moments (MOM)]. Our formulas compute the quantities of interest \textit{directly} from the BEM surface currents with no need ever to compute the scattered electromagnetic fields. We derive our new formulas and demonstrate their effectiveness by computing power, force, and torque in a number of example geometries. Free, open-source software implementations of our formulas are available for download online.

physics.comp-ph↗

Fluctuating surface-current formulation of radiative heat transfer: theory and applications

We describe a novel fluctuating-surface current formulation of radiative heat transfer between bodies of arbitrary shape that exploits efficient and sophisticated techniques from the surface-integral-equation formulation of classical electromagnetic scattering. Unlike previous approaches to non-equilibrium fluctuations that involve scattering matrices---relating "incoming" and "outgoing" waves from each body---our approach is formulated in terms of "unknown" surface currents, laying at the surfaces of the bodies, that need not satisfy any wave equation. We show that our formulation can be applied as a spectral method to obtain fast-converging semi-analytical formulas in high-symmetry geometries using specialized spectral bases that conform to the surfaces of the bodies (e.g. Fourier series for planar bodies or spherical harmonics for spherical bodies), and can also be employed as a numerical method by exploiting the generality of surface meshes/grids to obtain results in more complicated geometries (e.g. interleaved bodies as well as bodies with sharp corners). In particular, our formalism allows direct application of the boundary-element method, a robust and powerful numerical implementation of the surface-integral formulation of classical electromagnetism, which we use to obtain results in new geometries, including the heat transfer between finite slabs, cylinders, and cones.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Nanoplasmonic near-field synthesis

The temporal response of resonances in nanoplasmonic structures typically converts an incoming few-cycle field into a much longer near-field at the spot where non-linear physical phenomena including electron emission, recollision and high-harmonic generation can take place. We show that for practically useful structures pulse shaping of the incoming pulse can be used to synthesize the plasmon-enhanced field and enable single-cycle driven nonlinear physical phenomena. Our method is demonstrated for the generation of an isolated attosecond pulse by plasmon-enhanced high harmonic generation. We furthermore show that optimal control techniques can be used even if the response of the plasmonic structure is not known a priori.

physics.atom-ph↗

Fluctuation-Induced Phenomena in Nanoscale Systems: Harnessing the Power of Noise

The famous Johnson-Nyquist formula relating noise current to conductance has a microscopic generalization relating noise current density to microscopic conductivity, with corollary relations governing noise in the components of the electromagnetic fields. These relations, known collectively in physics as fluctuation-dissipation relations, form the basis of the modern understanding of fluctuation-induced phenomena, a field of burgeoning importance in experimental physics and nanotechnology. In this review, we survey recent progress in computational techniques for modeling fluctuation-induced phenomena, focusing on two cases of particular interest: near-field radiative heat transfer and Casimir forces. In each case we review the basic physics of the phenomenon, discuss semi-analytical and numerical algorithms for theoretical analysis, and present recent predictions for novel phenomena in complex material and geometric configurations.

physics.comp-ph↗

Anomalous near-field heat transfer between a cylinder and a perforated surface

We predict that the radiative heat-transfer rate between a cylinder and a perforated surface depends non-monotonically on their separation. This anomalous behavior, which arises due to near-field effects, is explained using a heuristic model based on the interaction of a dipole with a plate. We show that nonmonotonicity depends not only on geometry and temperature but also on material dispersion - for micron and submicron objects, nonmonotonicity is present in polar dielectrics but absent in metals with small skin depths.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Fluctuating Surface Currents: A New Algorithm for Efficient Prediction of Casimir Interactions among Arbitrary Materials in Arbitrary Geometries. I. Theory

This paper presents a new method for the efficient numerical computation of Casimir interactions between objects of arbitrary geometries, composed of materials with arbitrary frequency-dependent electrical properties. Our method formulates the Casimir effect as an interaction between effective electric and magnetic current distributions on the surfaces of material bodies, and obtains Casimir energies, forces, and torques from the spectral properties of a matrix that quantifies the interactions of these surface currents. The method can be formulated and understood in two distinct ways: \textbf{(1)} as a consequence of the familiar \textit{stress-tensor} approach to Casimir physics, or, alternatively, \textbf{(2)} as a particular case of the \textit{path-integral} approach to Casimir physics, and we present both formulations in full detail. In addition to providing an algorithm for computing Casimir interactions in geometries that could not be efficiently handled by any other method, the framework proposed here thus achieves an explicit unification of two seemingly disparate approaches to computational Casimir physics.

quant-ph↗