Spatial Structure of the $^{12}$C Nucleus in a 3$α$ Model with Deep Potentials Containing Forbidden States
The spatial structure of the lowest 0$_1^+$, 0$_2^+$, 2$_1^+$ and 2$_2^+$ states of the $^{12}$C nucleus is studied within the 3$α$ model with the Buck, Friedrich, and Wheatley $αα$ potential with Pauli forbidden states in the $S$ and $D$ waves. The Pauli forbidden states in the three-body system are treated by the exact orthogonalization method. The largest contributions to the ground and excited 2$_1^+$ bound states energies come from the partial waves $(λ, \ell)=(2,2)$ and $(λ, \ell)=(4,4)$. As was found earlier, these bound states are created by the critical eigenstates of the three-body Pauli projector in the 0$^+$ and 2$^+$ functional spaces, respectively. These special eigenstates of the Pauli projector are responsible for the quantum phase transitions from a weakly bound "gas-like" phase to a deep "quantum liquid" phase. In contrast to the bound states, for the Hoyle resonance 0$_2^+$ and its analog state 2$_2^+$, dominant contributions come from the $(λ, \ell)=(0,0)$ and $(λ, \ell)=(2,2)$ configurations, respectively. The estimated probability density functions for the $^{12}$C(0$_1^+$) ground and 2$_1^+$ excited bound states show mostly a triangular structure, where the $α$ particles move at a distance of about 2.5 fm from each other. However, the spatial structure of the Hoyle resonance and its analog state have a strongly different structure, like $^8$Be + $α$. In the Hoyle state, the last $α$ particle moves far from the doublet at the distance between $R=3.0$ fm and $R=5.0$ fm. In the Hoyle analog 2$_2^+$ state the two alpha particles move at a distance of about 15 fm, but the last $α$ particle can move far from the doublet at the distance up to $R=30.0$ fm.