arXiv subjects

Mahbubur Rahman

Publications and source records attributed to Mahbubur Rahman.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

An Internet of Intelligent Things Framework for Decentralized Heterogeneous Platforms

Internet of Intelligent Things (IoIT), an emerging field, combines the utility of Internet of Things (IoT) devices with the innovation of embedded AI algorithms. However, it does not come without challenges, and struggles regarding available computing resources, energy supply, and storage limitations. In particular, many impediments to IoIT are linked to the energy-efficient deployment of machine learning (ML)/deep learning (DL) models in embedded devices. Research has been conducted to design energy-efficient IoIT platforms, but these papers often focus on centralized systems, in which some central entity processes all the data and coordinates actions. This can be problematic, e.g., serve as bottleneck or lead to security concerns. In a decentralized system, nodes/devices would self-organize and make their own decisions. Therefore, to address such issues, we propose a heterogeneous, decentralized sensing and monitoring IoIT peer-to-peer mesh network system model. Nodes in the network will coordinate towards several optimization goals: reliability, energy efficiency, and latency. The system employs federated learning to train nodes in a distributed manner, metaheuristics to optimize task allocation and routing paths, and multi-objective optimization to balance conflicting performance goals.

cs.NI↗

arXiv2025

Enabling Scalability in Asynchronous and Bidirectional Communication in LPWAN

LPWANs have become ubiquitous due to their ability to connect sensors over large geographic areas in a single hop. It is, however, very challenging to achieve massive scalability in LPWANs, where numerous sensors can transmit data efficiently and with low latency, which emerging IoT and CPS applications may require. In this paper, we address the above challenges by significantly advancing an LPWAN technology called SNOW. SNOW exploits distributed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, D-OFDM, subcarriers to enable parallel reception of data to a BS from multiple asynchronous sensors, each using a different subcarrier. In this paper, we achieve massive scalability in SNOW by enabling the BS to decode concurrent data from numerous asynchronous sensors on the same subcarrier while parallelly decoding from other subcarriers as well. Additionally, we enable numerous asynchronous sensors to receive distinct data from the BS on the same subcarrier while other sensors also receive data parallelly on other subcarriers. To do this, we develop a set of Gold code-based pseudorandom noise or PN sequences that are mutually non-interfering within and across the subcarriers. Each sensor uses its PN sequence from the set for encoding or decoding data on its subcarriers, enabling massive concurrency. Our evaluation results demonstrate that we can achieve approximately 9x more scalability in SNOW while being timely in data collection at the BS and energy efficient at the sensors. This may enable emerging IoT and CPS applications requiring tens of thousands of sensors with longer battery life and making data-driven, time-sensitive decisions.

cs.NI↗

arXiv2025

LoRaIN: A Constructive Interference-Assisted Reliable and Energy-Efficient LoRa Indoor Network

LoRa is a promising communication technology for enabling the next-generation indoor Internet of Things applications. Very few studies, however, have analyzed its performance indoors. Besides, these indoor studies investigate mostly the RSSI and SNR of the received packets at the gateway, which, as we show, may not unfold the poor performance of LoRa and its MAC protocol, LoRaWAN, indoors in terms of reliability and energy-efficiency. In this paper, we extensively evaluate the performance of LoRaWAN indoors and then use the key insights to boost its reliability and energy-efficiency by proposing LoRaIN, LoRa Indoor Network, a new link-layer protocol that can be effectively used for indoor deployments. The approach to boosting the reliability and energy efficiency in LoRaIN is underpinned by enabling constructive interference with specific timing requirements analyzed both empirically and mathematically for different pairs of channel bandwidth and spreading factor and relaying precious acknowledgments to the end-devices with the assistance of several booster nodes. The booster nodes do not need any special capability and can be a subset of the LoRa end-devices. To our knowledge, LoRaIN is the first protocol for boosting reliability and energy-efficiency in indoor LoRa networks. We evaluate its performance in an indoor testbed consisting of one LoRaWAN gateway and 20 end-devices. Our extensive evaluation shows that when 15% of the end-devices operate as booster nodes, the reliability at the gateway increases from 62% to 95%, and the end-devices are approximately 2.5x energy-efficient.

cs.NI↗

arXiv2024

Electron FLASH platform for pre-clinical research: LINAC modification, simplification of pulse control and dosimetry

Background: FLASH radiotherapy is a treatment regime that delivers therapeutic dose to tumors at an ultra-high dose rate while maintaining adequate normal tissue sparing. However, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms, potential late toxicities, and optimal fractionation schemes is important for successful clinical translation. This has necessitated extensive pre-clinical investigations, leading several research institutions to initiate dedicated FLASH research programs. Purpose: This work describes a workflow for establishing an easily accessible electron FLASH (eFLASH) platform. The platform incorporates simplified pulse control, optimized dose rate delivery, and validated Monte Carlo (MC) dose engine for accurate in vivo dosimetry dedicated to FLASH pre-clinical studies. Methods: Adjustment of the automatic frequency control (AFC) module allowed us to optimize the LINAC pulse form to achieve a uniform dose rate. A MC model for the 6 MeV FLASH beam was commissioned to ensure accurate dose calculation necessary for reproducible in vivo studies. Results: Optimizing the AFC module enabled the generation of a uniform pulse form, ensuring consistent dose per pulse and a uniform dose rate throughout FLASH irradiation. The MC model closely agreed with film measurements. MC dose calculations indicated that 6 MeV FLASH is adequate to achieve a uniform dose distribution for mouse whole brain irradiation but may not be optimal for the spinal cord study. Conclusions: We present a novel workflow for establishing a LINAC-based eFLASH research platform, incorporating techniques for optimized dose rate delivery, a simplified pulse control system, and validated MC engine. This work provides researchers with valuable new approaches to facilitate the development of robust and accessible LINAC-based system for FLASH studies.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2022

Transparent and Tamper-Proof Event Ordering in the Internet of Things Platforms

Today, the audit and diagnosis of the causal relationships between the events in a trigger-action-based event chain (e.g., why is a light turned on in a smart home?) in the Internet of Things (IoT) platforms are untrustworthy and unreliable. The current IoT platforms lack techniques for transparent and tamper-proof ordering of events due to their device-centric logging mechanism. In this paper, we develop a framework that facilitates tamper-proof transparency and event order in an IoT platform by proposing a Blockchain protocol and adopting the vector clock system, both tailored for the resource-constrained heterogeneous IoT devices, respectively. To cope with the unsuited storage (e.g., ledger) and computing power (e.g., proof of work puzzle) requirements of the Blockchain in the commercial off-the-shelf IoT devices, we propose a partial consistent cut protocol and engineer a modular arithmetic-based lightweight proof of work puzzle, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Blockchain designed for resource-constrained heterogeneous IoT platforms. Our event ordering protocol based on the vector clock system is also novel for the IoT platforms. We implement our framework using an IoT gateway and 30 IoT devices. We experiment with 10 concurrent trigger-action-based event chains while each chain involves 20 devices, and each device participates in 5 different chains. The results show that our framework may order these events in 2.5 seconds while consuming only 140 mJ of energy per device. The results hence demonstrate the proposed platform as a practical choice for many IoT applications such as smart home, traffic monitoring, and crime investigation.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2022

Comparing fast imaging techniques for individual pulse imaging by Cherenkov in vivo from electron FLASH irradiation

Objective: In this study, a fast imaging technique was developed for the first in vivo Cherenkov emission imaging from an ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) electron beam source at single pulse (360 Hz) submillimeter resolution. Approach: A CMOS camera, gated to the UHDR LINAC, imaged the Cherenkov emission profiles pulse by pulse passively during the irradiation of mice on their limbs and intestinal region. The utility of an intensifier was investigated for its effect on image quality including signal to noise and spatial resolution. Pulse by pulse variability in Cherenkov emission profile were quantified spatially and temporally. Main results: An intensifier improved the emission profile signal to noise ratio from 15 to 280, with reduced spatial resolution. The profile extended beyond of the treatment field due to the lateral scattering of the electrons in tissue and its optical properties. The CMOS camera with an intensifier detected the changes in Cherenkov emission profile during expiration and inspiration of the respiration cycle for the mice to be about 3 mm. Significance: This fast imaging technique can be utilized for in vivo intrafraction monitoring of FLASH patient treatments at single pulse resolution. It can display delivery differences during respiration, and variability in the delivered treatment's surface profile, which may perturb from the intended UHDR treatment more for pencil beam scanning systems. The technique may leverage Cherenkov emission surface profile to gate the treatment delivery via respiratory gating systems under FLASH conditions.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2022

Characterization of a Diode Dosimeter for UHDR FLASH Radiotherapy

Purpose: A diode EDGE Detector with a newly designed electrometer has been characterized for use in an UHDR electron beam and demonstrated appropriateness for UHDR FLASH radiotherapy dosimetry. Methods: Dose linearity, mean dose rate, and dose per pulse dependencies of the EDGE Detector were quantified and compared with dosimeters including a W1 scintillator detector, radiochromic film, and ionization chamber that were irradiated with a 10 MeV UHDR beam. The dose, dose rate and dose per pulse were controlled via an in-house developed scintillation-based feedback mechanism, repetition rate of the linear accelerator, and source-to-surface distance, respectively. Depth-dose profiles and temporal profiles at individual pulse resolution were compared to the film and scintillation measurements, respectively. The radiation-induced change in response sensitivity was quantified via irradiation of ~5kGy. Results: The EDGE Detector agreed with film measurements in the measured range with varying dose (up to 70 Gy), dose rate (nearly 200 Gy/s), and dose per pulse (up to 0.63 Gy/pulse) on average to within 2%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. The detector also agreed with W1 scintillation detector on average to within 2% for dose per pulse (up to 0.78 Gy/pulse). The EDGE Detector signal was proportional to ion chamber (IC) measured dose, and mean dose rate in the bremsstrahlung tail to within 0.4% and 0.2% respectively. The EDGE Detector measured percent depth dose agreed with film to within 3% and per pulse output agreed with W1 scintillator to within -6% to +5%. Conclusions: The EDGE Detector demonstrated dose linearity, mean dose rate independence, and dose per pulse independence for UHDR electron beams. It can quantify the beam spatially, and temporally at sub millisecond resolution.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2021

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) for Experimental Use of FLASH on a Clinical Accelerator

Background: Use of a linear accelerator in ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) mode can provide a conduit for wider access to UHDR FLASH effects, sparing normal tissue, but care needs to be taken in the use of such systems to ensure errors are minimized. Purpose: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was carried out in a team that has been involved in converting a LINAC between clinical use and UHDR experimental mode for more than one year, following the proposed methods of TG100. Methods: A team of 9 professionals with extensive experience were polled to outline the process map and workflow for analysis, and developed fault trees for potential errors, as well as failure modes that would results. The team scored the categories of severity magnitude (S), occurrence likelihood (O), and detectability potential (D) in a scale of 1 to 10, so that a risk priority number (RPN=S*O*D) could be assessed for each. Results: A total of 46 potential failure modes were identified, including 5 with RPN>100. These failure modes involved 1) patient set up, 2) gating mechanisms in delivery, and 3) detector in the beam stop mechanism. Identified methods to mitigate errors included 1) use of a checklist post conversion, 2) use of robust radiation detectors, 3) automation of QA and beam consistency checks, and 4) implementation of surface guidance during beam delivery. Conclusions: The FMEA process was considered critically important in this setting of a new use of a LINAC, and the expert team developed a higher level of confidence in the ability to safely move UHDR LINAC use towards expanded research access.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2021

Individual Pulse Monitoring and Dose Control System for Pre-Clinical Implementation of FLASH-RT

Ultra-high dose rate electron sources require dose rate independent dosimeters and a calibrated dose control system for accurate delivery. In this study, we developed a single-pulse dose monitoring and a real-time dose-based control system for a converted clinical linear accelerator (LINAC). A point scintillator detector was coupled to a gated amplifier and a real-time controller for dose monitoring and feedback control loop. The controller was programmed to integrate dose and measure pulse width of each radiation pulse and gate the LINAC beam when the prescribed dose was delivered. The scintillator was mounted in solid water phantom and placed underneath mice skin for in vivo dose monitoring. Additionally, the scintillator was characterized in terms of its radiation stability, mean dose-rate, and dose per pulse dependence. Dose integration was performed for each radiation pulse and displayed in real-time. The scintillator was shown to be linear with mean dose-rate (40-380 Gy/s) and dose per pulse (0.3-1.3 Gy/Pulse) to within +/- 3%. However, the plastic scintillator was subject to significant radiation damage (16%/kGy) and would need to be calibrated frequently. Pulse-counting control was accurately implemented with direct correspondence between the intended and the actual delivered pulses. The dose-based control was sufficient to gate on any pulse of the LINAC. In-vivo dosimetry monitoring with a 1 cm circular cut-out revealed that a ramp-up of 4-5 pulses was present during which the average dose per pulse was ~0.045 +/- 0.004 Gy/Pulse, whereas after the ramp-up it stabilized at 0.65 +/- 0.01 Gy/Pulse. The tools presented in this study can be used to determine the beam parameter space pertinent to the FLASH effect. Additionally, this study is the first instance of real-time dose-based control for a modified LINAC at ultra-high dose rates.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2021

CoughTrigger: Earbuds IMU Based Cough Detection Activator Using An Energy-efficient Sensitivity-prioritized Time Series Classifier

Persistent coughs are a major symptom of respiratory-related diseases. Increasing research attention has been paid to detecting coughs using wearables, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among all types of sensors utilized, microphone is most widely used to detect coughs. However, the intense power consumption needed to process audio signals hinders continuous audio-based cough detection on battery-limited commercial wearable products, such as earbuds. We present CoughTrigger, which utilizes a lower-power sensor, an inertial measurement unit (IMU), in earbuds as a cough detection activator to trigger a higher-power sensor for audio processing and classification. It is able to run all-the-time as a standby service with minimal battery consumption and trigger the audio-based cough detection when a candidate cough is detected from IMU. Besides, the use of IMU brings the benefit of improved specificity of cough detection. Experiments are conducted on 45 subjects and our IMU-based model achieved 0.77 AUC score under leave one subject out evaluation. We also validated its effectiveness on free-living data and through on-device implementation.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2021

Treatment Planning System for Electron FLASH Radiotherapy: Open-source for Clinical Implementation

Purpose: A Monte Carlo (MC) beam model and its implementation in a clinical treatment planning system (TPS, Varian Eclipse) are presented for a modified ultra-high dose-rate electron FLASH radiotherapy (eFLASH-RT) LINAC. Methods: The gantry head without scattering foils or targets, representative of the LINAC modifications, was modelled in Geant4. The energy spectrum ({\sigma}E) and beam source emittance cone angle ({\theta}cone) were varied to match the calculated and Gafchromic film measured central-axis percent depth dose (PDD) and lateral profiles. Its Eclipse configuration was validated with measured profiles of the open field and nominal fields for clinical applicators. eFLASH-RT plans were MC forward calculated in Geant4 for a mouse brain treatment and compared to a conventional (Conv-RT) plan in Eclipse for a human patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Results: The beam model and its Eclipse configuration agreed best with measurements at {\sigma}E=0.5 MeV and {\theta}cone=3.9+/-0.2 degrees to clinically acceptable accuracy (the absolute average error was within 1.5% for in-water lateral, 3% for in-air lateral, and 2% for PDD). The forward dose calculation showed dose was delivered to the entire mouse brain with adequate conformality. The human patient case demonstrated the planning capability with routine accessories in relatively complex geometry to achieve an acceptable plan (90% of the tumor volume receiving 95% and 90% of the prescribed dose for eFLASH and Conv-RT, respectively). Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first functional beam model commissioned in a clinical TPS for eFLASH-RT, enabling planning and evaluation with minimal deviation from Conv-RT workflow. It facilitates the clinical translation as eFLASH-RT and Conv-RT plan quality were comparable for a human patient. The methods can be expanded to model other eFLASH irradiators.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2021

LPWAN in the TV White Spaces: A Practical Implementation and Deployment Experiences

Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is an enabling Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology that supports long-range, low-power, and low-cost connectivity to numerous devices. To avoid the crowd in the limited ISM band (where most LPWANs operate) and cost of licensed band, the recently proposed SNOW (Sensor Network over White Spaces) is a promising LPWAN platform that operates over the TV white spaces. As it is a very recent technology and is still in its infancy, the current SNOW implementation uses the USRP devices as LPWAN nodes, which has high costs (~$750 USD per device) and large form-factors, hindering its applicability in practical deployment. In this paper, we implement SNOW using low-cost, low form-factor, low-power, and widely available commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) devices to enable its practical and large-scale deployment. Our choice of the COTS device (TI CC13x0: CC1310 or CC1350) consequently brings down the cost and form-factor of a SNOW node by 25x and 10x, respectively. Such implementation of SNOW on the CC13x0 devices, however, faces a number of challenges to enable link reliability and communication range. Our implementation addresses these challenges by handling peak-to-average power ratio problem, channel state information estimation, carrier frequency offset estimation, and near-far power problem. Our deployment in the city of Detroit, Michigan demonstrates that CC13x0-based SNOW can achieve uplink and downlink throughputs of 11.2kbps and 4.8kbps per node, respectively, over a distance of 1km. Also, the overall throughput in the uplink increases linearly with the increase in the number of SNOW nodes.

cs.NI↗

arXiv2020

Blockchain Technology: Methodology, Application and Security Issues

Blockchain technology is an interlinked systematic chain of blocks that contains transaction history and other user data. It works under the principle of decentralized distributed digital ledger. This technology enables cryptographically secure and anonymous financial transactions among the user nodes of the network enabling the transactions to be validated and approved by all the users in a transparent environment. It is a revolutionary technology that earned its emerging popularity through the usage of digital cryptocurrencies. Even though Blockchain holds a promising scope of development in the online transaction system, it is prone to several security and vulnerability issues. In this paper, blockchain methodology, its applications, and security issues are discussed which might shed some light on blockchain enthusiasts and researchers.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2020

A Novel index-based multidimensional data organization model that enhances the predictability of the machine learning algorithms

Learning from the multidimensional data has been an interesting concept in the field of machine learning. However, such learning can be difficult, complex, expensive because of expensive data processing, manipulations as the number of dimension increases. As a result, we have introduced an ordered index-based data organization model as the ordered data set provides easy and efficient access than the unordered one and finally, such organization can improve the learning. The ordering maps the multidimensional dataset in the reduced space and ensures that the information associated with the learning can be retrieved back and forth efficiently. We have found that such multidimensional data storage can enhance the predictability for both the unsupervised and supervised machine learning algorithms.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2020

Low-Power Wide-Area Network Design

LPWAN is an enabling technology for long-range, low-power, and low-cost IoT/CPS applications. Recently, multiple LPWAN technologies have been developed that operate in the licensed (e.g., 5G) and ISM (e.g., LoRa) bands. To avoid the crowd in the ISM band and the cost of the licensed band, we propose a novel LPWAN called Sensor Network Over White Spaces (SNOW) by utilizing the TV white spaces. Specifically, we design, develop, and experiment SNOW, which is highly scalable, energy-efficient, and has a long communication range. SNOW achieves scalability and energy efficiency by enabling concurrent packets reception at a BS using a single radio from numerous sensors and concurrent packets transmission to numerous sensors from the BS using a single radio, simultaneously, which we achieve by proposing a distributed implementation of OFDM. To enable the low-cost and scalable SNOW deployment in practical applications, we implement SNOW using the low-cost and small form-factored COTS devices, where we address multiple practical challenges including the high peak-to-average power ratio, channel state estimation, and carrier offset estimation. Also, we propose an adaptive transmission power protocol to handle the near-far power problem. To enable connecting tens of thousands of nodes over hundreds of kilometers, we further propose a network architecture called SNOW-tree through a seamless integration of multiple SNOWs where they form a tree structure and are under the same management/control. We address the intra- and inter-SNOW interferences by formulating a constrained optimization problem called the scalability optimization problem (SOP) whose objective is to maximize scalability by managing the spectrum sharing across the SNOWs. By proving the NP-hardness of SOP, we then propose two polynomial-time methods to solve it: a greedy heuristic algorithm and a 1/2-approximation algorithm.

cs.NI↗

arXiv2020

Long-Lived LoRa: Prolonging the Lifetime of a LoRa Network

Prolonging the network lifetime is a major consideration in many Internet of Things applications. In this paper, we study maximizing the network lifetime of an energy-harvesting LoRa network. Such a network is characterized by heterogeneous recharging capabilities across the nodes that is not taken into account in existing work. We propose a link-layer protocol to achieve a long-lived LoRa network which dynamically enables the nodes with depleting batteries to exploit the superfluous energy of the neighboring nodes with affluent batteries by letting a depleting node offload its packets to an affluent node. By exploiting the LoRa's capability of adjusting multiple transmission parameters, we enable low-cost offloading by depleting nodes instead of high-cost direct forwarding. Such offloading requires synchronization of wake-up times as well as transmission parameters between the two nodes which also need to be selected dynamically. The proposed protocol addresses these challenges and prolongs the lifetime of a LoRa network through three novel techniques. (1) We propose a lightweight medium access control protocol for peer-to-peer communication to enable packet offloading which circumvents the synchronization overhead between the two nodes. (2) We propose an intuitive heuristic method for effective parameter selections for different modes (conventional vs. offloading). (3) We analyze the energy overhead of offloading and, based on it, the protocol dynamically selects affluent and depleting nodes while ensuring that an affluent node is not overwhelmed by the depleting ones. Simulations in NS-3 as well as real experiments show that our protocol can increase the network lifetime up to $4$ times while maintaining the same throughput compared to traditional LoRa network.

cs.NI↗

arXiv2020

Electron FLASH Delivery at Treatment Room Isocenter for Efficient Reversible Conversion of a Clinical LINAC

Purpose: In this study, procedures were developed to achieve efficient reversible conversion of a clinical linear accelerator (LINAC) and deliver electron FLASH (eFLASH) or conventional beams to the treatment room isocenter. Material & Methods: The LINAC was converted to deliver eFLASH beam within 20 minutes by retracting the x-ray target from the beam's path, positioning the carousel on an empty port, and selecting 10 MV photon beam energy in the treatment console. Dose per pulse and average dose rate were measured in a solid water phantom at different depths with Gafchromic film and OSLD. A pulse controller counted the pulses via scattered radiation signal and gated the delivery for preset pulse count. A fast photomultiplier tube-based Cherenkov detector measured per pulse beam output at 2 ns sampling rate. After conversion back to clinical mode, conventional beam output, flatness, symmetry, field size and energy were measured for all clinically commissioned energies. Results: Dose per pulse of 0.86 +/- 0.01 Gy (310 +/- 7 Gy/s average dose rate) were achieved at isocenter. The dose from simultaneous irradiation of film and OSLD were within 1%. The PMT showed the LINAC required about 5 pulses before the output stabilized and its long-term stability was within 3% for measurements performed at 3 minutes intervals. The dose, flatness, symmetry, and photon energy were unchanged from baseline and within tolerance (1%, 3%, 2%, and 0.1% respectively) after reverting to conventional beams. Conclusion: 10 MeV FLASH beams were achieved at the isocenter of the treatment room. The beam output was reproducible but requires further investigation of the ramp up time in the first 5 pulses, equivalent to <100 cGy. The eFLASH beam can irradiate both small and large subjects in minimally modified clinical settings and dose rates can be further increased by reducing the source to surface distance.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2020

Dosimetry for FLASH Radiotherapy: A Review of Tools and the Role of Radioluminescence and Cherenkov Emission

While spatial dose conformity delivered to a target volume has been pushed to its practical limits with advanced treatment planning and delivery, investigations in novel temporal dose delivery are unfolding new mechanisms. Recent advances in ultra-high dose radiotherapy, abbreviated as FLASH, indicate the potential for reduction in healthy tissue damage while preserving tumor control. FLASH therapy relies on very high dose rate of > 40Gy/sec with sub-second temporal beam modulation, taking a seemingly opposite direction from the conventional paradigm of fractionated therapy. FLASH brings unique challenges to dosimetry, beam control, and verification, as well as complexity of radiobiological effective dose through altered tissue response. In this review, we compare the dosimetric methods capable of operating under high dose rate environments. Due to excellent dose-rate independence, superior spatial (~<1 mm) and temporal (~ns) resolution achievable with Cherenkov and scintillation-based detectors, we show that luminescent detectors have a key role to play in the development of FLASH-RT, as the field rapidly progresses towards clinical adaptation. Additionally, we show that the unique ability of certain luminescence-based methods to provide tumor oxygenation maps in real-time with submillimeter resolution can elucidate the radiobiological mechanisms behind the FLASH effect. In particular, such techniques will be crucial for understanding the role of oxygen in mediating the FLASH effect.

physics.med-ph↗