The heterogeneous near-surface velocity structure of a carbonate-hosted seismogenic fault zone and its dependence on the investigated length scale
Field geological studies highlighted the heterogeneous structure of fault zones from the meter- to millimeter scale, but such internal variability is not generally resolved by seismological techniques due to spatial resolution limits. The near-surface velocity structure of the Vado di Corno seismogenic fault zone was quantified at different length scales, from laboratory measurements of ultrasonic velocities (few centimeters rock samples, 1 MHz source) to high-resolution first-arrival seismic tomography (spatial resolution to a few meters). The fault zone juxtaposed structural units with contrasting ultrasonic velocities. The fault core cataclastic units were slower compared to damage zone units. A negative correlation between ultrasonic velocity and porosity was observed, with dispersion in fault core units related to varying degree of textural maturity and pore space sealing by calcite. Low-velocity outliers in the damage zone were instead linked to microfracture networks with local cataclasis and partial calcite sealing. P-wave high-resolution seismic tomography imaged distinct fault-bounded rock bodies, matching the geometry and size of field-mapped structural units. At this length scale, relatively fast fault core units and low-strain damage zones contrasted with a very slow intensely fractured high-strain damage zone. The discrepancy between higher ultrasonic velocities and lower tomography-derived ones was reconciled through an effective medium approach considering the effect of meso-scale fractures in each unit. This revealed a heterogeneous fault zone velocity structure with different scaling among structural units. Lastly, the persistence of a thick compliant high-strain damage zone at shallow depth may significantly affect fault zone mechanics and the distribution of near-surface deformations.