arXiv subjects

Mai-Ying Duan

Publications and source records attributed to Mai-Ying Duan.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2024

Extracting Kinetic Freeze-out Properties in High Energy Collisions Using a Multi-source Thermal Model

We study the transverse momentum ($p_T$) spectra of neutral pions and identified charged hadrons produced in proton--proton ($pp$), deuteron--gold ($d$--Au), and gold--gold (Au--Au) collisions at the center of mass energy $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV. The study is made in the framework of a multi-source thermal model used in the partonic level. It is assumed that the contribution to the $p_T$-value of any hadron comes from two or three partons with an isotropic distribution of the azimuthal angle. The contribution of each parton to the $p_T$-value of a given hadron is assumed to obey any one of the standard (Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein) distributions with the kinetic freeze-out temperature and average transverse flow velocity. The $p_T$-spectra of the final-state hadrons can be fitted by the superposition of two or three components. The results obtained from our Monte Carlo method are used to fit the experimental results of the PHENIX and STAR Collaborations. The results of present work serve as a suitable reference baseline for other experiments and simulation studies.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2023

Multi-source thermal model describing multi-region structure of transverse momentum spectra of identified particles and parameter dynamics of system evolution in relativistic collisions

In this article, the multi-region structure of transverse momentum ($p_T$) spectra of identified particles produced in relativistic collisions is studied by the multi-component standard distribution (the Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, or Bose-Einstein distribution) in the framework of a multi-source thermal model. Results are interpreted in the framework of string model phenomenology in which the multi-region of $p_T$ spectra corresponds to the string hadronization in the cascade process of string breaking. The contributions of the string hadronizations from the first-, second-, and third-, i.e., last-generations of string breakings mainly form high-, intermediate-, and low-$p_T$ regions, respectively. From the high- to low-$p_T$ regions, the extracted volume parameter increases rapidly, and temperature and flow velocity parameters decrease gradually. The multi-region of $p_T$ spectra reflects the volume, temperature, and flow velocity dynamics of the system evolution. Due to the successful application of the multi-component standard distribution, this work reflects that the simple classical theory can still play a great role in the field of complex relativistic collisions.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2022

Analysis of identified particle transverse momentum spectra produced in pp, p--Pb and Pb--Pb collisions at the LHC using Tsallis--Pareto-type function

In the framework of a multi-source thermal model at the partonic-level, we have analyzed transverse momentum spectra of hadrons measured by the ALICE Collaboration in proton-proton ($pp$ or $p$-$p$) collisions at the center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=7$ and 13 TeV, proton-lead ($p$-Pb) collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV, and lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$ TeV. For meson(baryon), the contributions of two(three) constituent quarks are considered, in which each quark contributes to hadron transverse momentum to obey the revised phenomenological Tsallis transverse momentum distribution for the Maxwell-Boltzmann particles (the TP-like function in short) with isotropic random azimuthal angle. Three main parameters, namely, the revised index $a_0$, effective temperature $T$, and entropy-related index $n$ are obtained, which show the same tendency for small and large systems with respect to the centrality (or multiplicity) of events, rest mass of hadrons, and constituent mass of quarks.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2021

Dependence of related parameters on centrality and mass in a new treatment for transverse momentum spectra in high energy collisions

We collected the experimental data of transverse momentum spectra of identified particles produced in proton-proton ($p$-$p$), deuteron-gold ($d$-Au or $d$-$A$), gold-gold (Au-Au or $A$-$A$), proton-lead ($p$-Pb or $p$-$A$), and lead-lead (Pb-Pb or $A$-$A$) collisions measured by the ALICE, CMS, LHCb, NA49, NA61/SHINE, PHENIX, and STAR collaborations at different center-of mass energies. The multisource thermal model at the quark level or the participant quark model is used to describe the experimental data. The free parameters, the effective temperature $T$, entropy index-related $n$, and revised index $a_{0}$, in the revised Tsallis--Pareto-type function are extracted at the quark level. In most cases, $T$ and $n$ in central collisions are larger than those in peripheral collisions, and $a_0$ does not change in different centrality classes. With the increase in the mass of produced particle or participant quark, $T$ and $a_0$ increase, and $n$ does not change significantly. The behaviors of related parameters from $p$-$p$, $p(d)$-$A$, and $A$-$A$ collisions are similar.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2019

Multiparticle production and initial quasi-temperature from proton induced carbon collisions at $p_{Lab}=31$ GeV/$c$

The momentum spectra of charged pions ($π^+$ and $π^-$) and kaons ($K^+$ and $K^-$), as well as protons ($p$), produced in the beam protons induced collisions in a 90-cm-long graphite target [proton-carbon ($p$-C) collisions] at the beam momentum $p_{Lab}=31$ GeV/$c$ are studied in the framework of a multisource thermal model by using Boltzmann distribution and Monte Carlo method. The theoretical model results are approximately in agreement with the experimental data measured by the NA61/SHINE Collaboration. The related free parameters (effective temperature, rapidity shifts, and fraction of non-leading protons) and derived quantities (average transverse momentum and initial quasi-temperature) under given experimental conditions are obtained. It is shown that the considered free parameters and derived quantities to be strongly dependent on emission angle over a range from 0 to 380 mrad and weakly dependent on longitudinal position (graphite target thickness) over a range from 0 to 90 cm.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2018

Examining the model dependence of the determination of kinetic freeze-out temperature and transverse flow velocity in small collision system

The transverse momentum distributions of the identified particles produced in small collision systems at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have been analyzed by four models. The first two models utilize the blast-wave model with different statistics. The last two models employ certain linear correspondences based on different distributions. The four models describe the experimental data measured by the Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment (PHENIX), Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC (STAR), and A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) cCollaborations equally well. It is found that both the kinetic freeze-out temperature and transverse flow velocity in the central collisions are comparable with those in the peripheral collisions. With the increase of collision energy from that of the RHIC to that of the LHC, the considered quantities typically do not decrease. Comparing with the central collisions, the proton-proton collisions are closer to the peripheral collisions.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2018

Kinetic freeze-out temperatures in central and peripheral collisions: Which one is larger?

The kinetic freeze-out temperatures, $T_0$, in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies are extracted by four methods: i) the Blast-Wave model with Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics (the BGBW model), ii) the Blast-Wave model with Tsallis statistics (the TBW model), iii) the Tsallis distribution with flow effect (the improved Tsallis distribution), and iv) the intercept in $T=T_0+am_0$ (the alternative method), where $m_0$ denotes the rest mass and $T$ denotes the effective temperature which can be obtained by different distribution functions. It is found that the relative sizes of $T_0$ in central and peripheral collisions obtained by the conventional BGBW model which uses a zero or nearly zero transverse flow velocity, $β_T$, are contradictory in tendency with other methods. With a re-examination for $β_T$ in the first method in which $β_T$ is taken to be $\sim(0.40\pm0.07)c$, a recalculation presents a consistent result with others. Finally, our results show that the kinetic freeze-out temperature in central collisions is larger than that in peripheral collisions.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2016

Event patterns (particle scatter plots) extracted from charged particle spectra in $pp$ and Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV

The transverse momentum ($p_T$) and pseudorapidity ($η$) spectra of charged particles produced in proton-proton ($pp$) and lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions at the large hadron collider (LHC) are described by a hybrid model. In the model, the $p_T$ spectrum is described by a two-component distribution which contains an inverse power-law suggested by the QCD (Quantum Chromodynamic) calculus and an Erlang distribution resulted from a multisource thermal model. The $η$ spectrum is described by a Gaussian rapidity ($y$) distribution resulted from the Landau hydrodynamic model and the two-component $p_T$ distribution, where the conversion between $y$ and $η$ is accurately considered. The modelling results are in agreement with the experimental data measured by the ATLAS Collaboration in $pp$ collisions at center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=2.76$ TeV and in Pb-Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.76$ TeV. Based on the parameter values extracted from $p_T$ and $η$ or $y$ spectra, the event patterns or particle scatter plots in three-dimensional velocity and momentum spaces are obtained.

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