arXiv subjects

Marcel Stanitzki

Publications and source records attributed to Marcel Stanitzki.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Transient studies using a TCAD and Allpix Squared combination approach

The goal of the TANGERINE project is to develop the next generation of monolithic silicon pixel detectors using a 65 nm CMOS imaging process, which offers a higher logic density and overall lower power consumption compared to previously used processes. A combination of Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations is used to understand the physical processes within the sensing element and thus the overall performance of the pixel detector. The response of the sensors can then be tested in laboratory and test beam facilities and compared to simulation results. Transient simulations allow for studying the response of the sensor as a function of time, such as the signal produced after a charged particle passes through the sensor. The study of these signals is important to understand the magnitude and timing of the response from the sensors and improve upon them. While TCAD simulations are accurate, the time required to produce a single pulse is large compared to a combination of MC and TCAD simulations. In this work, a validation of the transient simulation approach and studies on charge collection are presented.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2024

Simulating Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors: A Technology-Independent Approach Using Generic Doping Profiles

The optimisation of the sensitive region of CMOS sensors with complex non-uniform electric fields requires precise simulations, and this can be achieved by a combination of electrostatic field simulations and Monte Carlo methods. This paper presents the guiding principles of such simulations, using a CMOS pixel sensor with a small collection electrode and a high-resistivity epitaxial layer as an example. The full simulation workflow is described, along with possible pitfalls and how to avoid them. For commercial CMOS processes, detailed doping profiles are confidential, but the presented method provides an optimisation tool that is sufficiently accurate to investigate sensor behaviour and trade-offs of different sensor designs without knowledge of proprietary information. The workflow starts with detailed electric field finite element method simulations in TCAD, using generic doping profiles. Examples of the effect of varying different parameters of the simulated sensor are shown, as well as the creation of weighting fields, and transient pulse simulations. The fields resulting from TCAD simulations can be imported into the Allpix Squared Monte Carlo simulation framework, which enables high-statistics simulations, including modelling of stochastic fluctuations from the underlying physics processes of particle interaction. Example Monte Carlo simulation setups are presented and the different parts of a simulation chain are described. Simulation studies from small collection electrode CMOS sensors are presented, and example results are shown for both single sensors and multiple sensors in a test beam telescope configuration. The studies shown are those typically performed on sensor prototypes in test beam campaigns, and a comparison is made to test beam data, showing a maximum deviation of 4% and demonstrating that the approach is viable for generating realistic results.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2024

Simulations and Performance Studies of a MAPS in 65 nm CMOS Imaging Technology

Monolithic active pixel sensors (MAPS) produced in a 65 nm CMOS imaging technology are being investigated for applications in particle physics. The MAPS design has a small collection electrode characterized by an input capacitance of ~fF, granting a high signal-to-noise ratio and low power consumption. Additionally, the 65 nm CMOS imaging technology brings a reduction in material budget and improved logic density of the readout circuitry, compared to previously studied technologies. Given these features, this technology was chosen by the TANGERINE project to develop the next generation of silicon pixel sensors. The sensor design targets temporal and spatial resolutions compatible with the requirements for a vertex detector at future lepton colliders. Simulations and test-beam characterization of technology demonstrators have been carried out in close collaboration with the CERN EP R&D program and the ALICE ITS3 upgrade. TCAD device simulations using generic doping profiles and Monte Carlo simulations have been used to build an understanding of the technology and predict the performance parameters of the sensor. Technology demonstrators of a 65 nm CMOS MAPS with a small collection electrode have been characterized in laboratory and test-beam facilities by studying performance parameters such as cluster size, charge collection, and efficiency. This work compares simulation results to test-beam data. The experimental results establish this technology as a promising candidate for a vertex detector at future lepton colliders and give valuable information for improving the simulation approach.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2023

Developing a Monolithic Silicon Sensor in a 65 nm CMOS Imaging Technology for Future Lepton Collider Vertex Detectors

Monolithic CMOS sensors in a 65 nm imaging technology are being investigated by the CERN EP Strategic R&D Programme on Technologies for Future Experiments for an application in particle physics. The appeal of monolithic detectors lies in the fact that both sensor volume and readout electronics are integrated in the same silicon wafer, providing a reduction in production effort, costs and scattering material. The Tangerine Project WP1 at DESY participates in the Strategic R&D Programme and is focused on the development of a monolithic active pixel sensor with a time and spatial resolution compatible with the requirements for a future lepton collider vertex detector. By fulfilling these requirements, the Tangerine detector is suitable as well to be used as telescope planes for the DESY-II Test Beam facility. The project comprises all aspects of sensor development, from the electronics engineering and the sensor design using simulations, to laboratory and test beam investigations of prototypes. Generic TCAD Device and Monte-Carlo simulations are used to establish an understanding of the technology and provide important insight into performance parameters of the sensor. Testing prototypes in laboratory and test beam facilities allows for the characterization of their response to different conditions. By combining results from all these studies it is possible to optimize the sensor layout. This contribution presents results from generic TCAD and Monte-Carlo simulations, and measurements performed with test chips of the first sensor submission.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2023

ADENIUM -- A demonstrator for a next-generation beam telescope at DESY

High-resolution beam telescopes for charged particle tracking are one of the most important and equally demanding infrastructure items at test beam facilities. The main purpose of beam telescopes is to provide precise reference track information of beam particles to measure the performance of a device under test (DUT). In this report the development of the ADENIUM beam telescope (ALPIDE sensor based DESY Next test beam Instrument) as a demonstrator and prototype for a next-generation beam telescope is presented. The ADENIUM beam telescope features up to six pixelated reference planes framed by plastic scintillators for triggering. ADENIUM is capable of replacing the currently used EUDET-type beam telescopes without impacting existing DUT implementations due to the integration of the telescope DAQ into EUDAQ2. In this report the concept and design of the ADENIUM telescope as well as its performance are discussed. The telescope's pointing resolution is determined in different configurations. For an optimal setup at an momentum of 5.6 GeV with an ALPIDE as DUT, a resolution better than 3 um has been extracted. No rate limitations have been observed at the DESY II test beam.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2022

TelePix -- A fast region of interest trigger and timing layer for the EUDET Telescopes

Test beam facilities are essential to study the response of novel detectors to particles. At the DESY II Test Beam facility, users can test their detectors with an electron beam with a momentum from 1-6 GeV. To track the beam particles, EUDET-style telescopes are provided in each beam area. They provide excellent spatial resolution, but the time resolution is limited by the rolling shutter architecture to a precision of approximately 230 $\mu$s. Since the demand on particle rates -- and hence track multiplicities -- is increasing timing is becoming more relevant. DESY foresees several upgrades of the telescopes. TelePix is an upgrade project to provide track timestamping with a precision of better than 5 ns and a configurable region of interest to trigger the telescope readout. Small scale prototypes have been characterised in laboratory and test beam measurements. Laboratory tests with an injection corresponding to 2300 electrons show a S/N of above 20. Test beam characterization shows efficiencies of above 99% over a threshold range of more than 100 mV and time resolutions of 2.4 ns at low noise rates.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2022

Towards a New Generation of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors

A new generation of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS), produced in a 65 nm CMOS imaging process, promises higher densities of on-chip circuits and, for a given pixel size, more sophisticated in-pixel logic compared to larger feature size processes. MAPS are a cost-effective alternative to hybrid pixel sensors since flip-chip bonding is not required. In addition, they allow for significant reductions of the material budget of detector systems, due to the smaller physical thicknesses of the active sensor and the absence of a separate readout chip. The TANGERINE project develops a sensor suitable for future Higgs factories as well as for a beam telescope to be used at beam-test facilities. The sensors will have small collection electrodes (order of $\mu$m) to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, which makes it possible to minimize power dissipation in the circuitry. The first batch of test chips, featuring full front-end amplifiers with Krummenacher feedback, was produced and tested at the Mainzer Mikrotron (MAMI) at the end of 2021. MAMI provides an electron beam with currents up to 100 $\mu$A and an energy of 855 MeV. The analog output signal of the test chips was recorded with a high bandwidth oscilloscope and used to study the charge-sensitive amplifier of the chips in terms of waveform analysis. A beam telescope was used as a reference system to allow for track-based analysis of the recorded data.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2022

The Tangerine project: Development of high-resolution 65 nm silicon MAPS

The Tangerine project aims to develop new state-of-the-art high-precision silicon detectors. Part of the project has the goal of developing a monolithic active pixel sensor using a novel 65 nm CMOS imaging process, with a small collection electrode. This is the first application of this process in particle physics, and it is of great interest as it allows for an increased logic density and reduced power consumption and material budget compared to other processes. The process is envisioned to be used in for example the next ALICE inner tracker upgrade, and in experiments at the electron-ion collider. The initial goal of the three-year Tangerine project is to develop and test a sensor in a 65 nm CMOS imaging process that can be used in test beam telescopes at DESY, providing excellent spatial resolution and high time resolution, and thus demonstrating the capabilities of the process. The project covers all aspects of sensor R&D, from electronics and sensor design using simulations, to prototype test chip characterisation in labs and at test beams. The sensor design simulations are performed by using a powerful combination of detailed electric field simulations using technology computer-aided design and high-statistics Monte Carlo simulations using the Allpix Squared framework. A first prototype test chip in the process has been designed and produced, and successfully operated and tested both in labs and at test beams.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2021

Mapping the material distribution of a complex structure in an electron beam

The simulation and analysis of High Energy Physics experiments require a realistic simulation of the detector material and its distribution. The challenge is to describe all active and passive parts of large scale detectors like ATLAS in terms of their size, position and material composition. The common method for estimating the radiation length by weighing individual components, adding up their contributions and averaging the resulting material distribution over extended structures provides a good general estimate, but can deviate significantly from the material actually present. A method has been developed to assess its material distribution with high spatial resolution using the reconstructed scattering angles and hit positions of high energy electron tracks traversing an object under investigation. The study presented here shows measurements for an extended structure with a highly inhomogeneous material distribution. The structure under investigation is an End-of-Substructure-card prototype designed for the ATLAS Inner Tracker strip tracker -- a PCB populated with components of a large range of material budgets and sizes. The measurements presented here summarise requirements for data samples and reconstructed electron tracks for reliable image reconstruction of large scale, inhomogeneous samples, choices of pixel sizes compared to the size of features under investigation as well as a bremsstrahlung correction for high material densities and thicknesses.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2020

Lycoris -- a large-area, high resolution beam telescope

A high-resolution beam telescope is one of the most important and demanding infrastructure components at any test beam facility. Its main purpose is to provide reference particle tracks from the incoming test beam particles to the test beam users, which allows measurement of the performance of the device-under-test (DUT). \LYCORIS, a six-plane compact beam telescope with an active area of $\sim$10$\times$\SI{10}{\square\centi\metre} (extensible to 10$\times$\SI{20}{\square\centi\metre}) was installed at the \DIITBF in 2019, to provide a precise momentum measurement in a \SI{1}{\tesla} solenoid magnet or to provide tracking over a large area. The overall design of \LYCORIS will be described as well as the performance of the chosen silicon sensor. The \SI{25}{\micro\metre} pitch micro-strip sensor used for \LYCORIS was originally designed for the \SID detector concept for the International Linear Collider. It adopts a second metallization layer to route signals from strips to the bump-bonded \KPIX ASIC and uses a wire-bonded flex cable for the connection to the DAQ and the power supply system. This arrangement eliminates the need for a dedicated hybrid PCB. Its performance was tested for the first time in this project. The system has been evaluated at the \DIITBF in several test-beam campaigns and has demonstrated an average single-point resolution of \SI{7.07}{\micro\meter}.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2020

Performance of Julia for High Energy Physics Analyses

We argue that the Julia programming language is a compelling alternative to implementations in Python and C++ for common data analysis workflows in high energy physics. We compare the speed of implementations of different workflows in Julia with those in Python and C++. Our studies show that the Julia implementations are competitive for tasks that are dominated by computational load rather than data access. For work that is dominated by data access, we demonstrate an application with concurrent file reading and parallel data processing.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2019

The International Linear Collider. A European Perspective

The International Linear Collider (ILC) being proposed in Japan is an electron-positron linear collider with an initial energy of 250 GeV. The ILC accelerator is based on the technology of superconducting radio-frequency cavities. This technology has reached a mature stage in the European XFEL project and is now widely used. The ILC will start by measuring the Higgs properties, providing high-precision and model-independent determinations of its parameters. The ILC at 250 GeV will also search for direct new physics in exotic Higgs decays and in pair-production of weakly interacting particles. The use of polarised electron and positron beams opens new capabilities and scenarios that add to the physics reach. The ILC can be upgraded to higher energy, enabling precision studies of the top quark and measurement of the top Yukawa coupling and the Higgs self-coupling. The international -- including European -- interest for the project is very strong. Europe has participated in the ILC project since its early conception and plays a major role in its present development covering most of its scientific and technological aspects: physics studies, accelerator and detectors. The potential for a wide participation of European groups and laboratories is thus high, including important opportunities for European industry. Following decades of technical development, R&D, and design optimisation, the project is ready for construction and the European particle physics community, technological centers and industry are prepared to participate in this challenging endeavour.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2019

The International Linear Collider. A Global Project

A large, world-wide community of physicists is working to realise an exceptional physics program of energy-frontier, electron-positron collisions with the International Linear Collider (ILC). This program will begin with a central focus on high-precision and model-independent measurements of the Higgs boson couplings. This method of searching for new physics beyond the Standard Model is orthogonal to and complements the LHC physics program. The ILC at 250 GeV will also search for direct new physics in exotic Higgs decays and in pair-production of weakly interacting particles. Polarised electron and positron beams add unique opportunities to the physics reach. The ILC can be upgraded to higher energy, enabling precision studies of the top quark and measurement of the top Yukawa coupling and the Higgs self-coupling. The key accelerator technology, superconducting radio-frequency cavities, has matured. Optimised collider and detector designs, and associated physics analyses, were presented in the ILC Technical Design Report, signed by 2400 scientists. There is a strong interest in Japan to host this international effort. A detailed review of the many aspects of the project is nearing a conclusion in Japan. Now the Japanese government is preparing for a decision on the next phase of international negotiations, that could lead to a project start within a few years. The potential timeline of the ILC project includes an initial phase of about 4 years to obtain international agreements, complete engineering design and prepare construction, and form the requisite international collaboration, followed by a construction phase of 9 years.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2018

The DESY II Test Beam Facility

DESY Hamburg operates a test beam facility with three independent beam lines at the DESY II synchrotron. It is world-wide one of very few facilities providing test beams in the GeV range. To this end, it offers electron/positron beams with user-selectable momenta from 1-6 GeV/c. The available infrastructure for the users is unique, including a high field solenoidal magnet and permanently installed high-precision pixel beam telescopes. This publication gives a detailed description of the facility, the available infrastructure, and the simulated and measured performance.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2018

Summary and Conclusions of the First DESY Test Beam User Workshop

On October 5/6, 2017, DESY hosted the first DESY Test Beam User Workshop [1] which took place in Hamburg. Fifty participants from different user communities, ranging from LHC (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb) to FAIR (CBM, PANDA), DUNE, Belle-II, future linear colliders (ILC, CLIC) and generic detector R&D presented their experiences with the DESY II Test Beam Facility, their concrete plans for the upcoming years and a first estimate of their needs for beam time in the long-term future beyond 2025. A special focus was also on additional improvements to the facility beyond its current capabilities.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2018

LYCORIS - A Large Area Strip Telescope

The LYCORIS Large Area Silicon Strip Telescope for the DESY II Test Beam Facility is presented. The DESY II Test Beam Facility provides elec- tron and positron beams for beam tests of up to 6 GeV. A new telescope with a large 10x20 cm$^2$ coverage area based on a 25 {\mu}m pitch strip sensor is to be installed within the PCMAG 1 T solenoid. The current state of the system is presented.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2016

A Study of the Impact of High Cross Section ILC Processes on the SiD Detector Design

The SiD concept is one of two proposed detectors to be mounted at the interaction region of the International Linear Collider (ILC). A substantial ILC background arises from low transverse momentum $\mathrm{e}^{+}\mathrm{e}^{-}$ pairs created by the interaction of the colliding beams' electromagnetic fields. In order to provide hermeticity and sensitivity to beam targeting parameters, a forward Beamline Calorimeter (BeamCal) is being designed that will provide coverage down to 5 mrad from the outgoing beam trajectory, and intercept the majority of this pair background. Using the SiD simulation framework, the effect of this pair background on the SiD detector components, especially the vertex detector (VXD) and forward electromagnetic calorimeter (FCAL), is explored. In the case of the FCAL, backgrounds from Bhabha and two-photon processes are also considered. The consequence of several variants of the BeamCal geometry and ILC interaction region configuration are considered for both the vertex detector and BeamCal performance.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

The International Linear Collider Technical Design Report - Volume 1: Executive Summary

The International Linear Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy linear electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selected and the necessary site-dependent engineering is carried out, construction can begin immediately. The TDR also gives baseline documentation for two high-performance detectors that can share the ILC luminosity by being moved into and out of the beam line in a "push-pull" configuration. These detectors, ILD and SiD, are described in detail. They form the basis for a world-class experimental programme that promises to increase significantly our understanding of the fundamental processes that govern the evolution of the Universe.

physics.acc-ph↗