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Marcello Carioni

Publications and source records attributed to Marcello Carioni.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Asymptotic linear convergence of fully-corrective generalized conditional gradient methods

We propose a fully-corrective generalized conditional gradient method (FC-GCG) for the minimization of the sum of a smooth, convex loss function and a convex one-homogeneous regularizer over a Banach space. The algorithm relies on the mutual update of a finite set $\mathcal{A}_k$ of extremal points of the unit ball of the regularizer and of an iterate $u_k \in \operatorname{cone}(\mathcal{A}_k)$. Each iteration requires the solution of one linear problem to update $\mathcal{A}_k$ and of one finite dimensional convex minimization problem to update the iterate. Under standard hypotheses on the minimization problem we show that the algorithm converges sublinearly to a solution. Subsequently, imposing additional assumptions on the associated dual variables, this is improved to a linear rate of convergence. The proof of both results relies on two key observations: First, we prove the equivalence of the considered problem to the minimization of a lifted functional over a particular space of Radon measures using Choquet's theorem. Second, the FC-GCG algorithm is connected to a Primal-Dual-Active-point Method (PDAP) on the lifted problem for which we finally derive the desired convergence rates.

math.OC↗

Extremal points and sparse optimization for generalized Kantorovich-Rubinstein norms

A precise characterization of the extremal points of sublevel sets of nonsmooth penalties provides both detailed information about minimizers, and optimality conditions in general classes of minimization problems involving them. Moreover, it enables the application of accelerated generalized conditional gradient methods for their efficient solution. In this manuscript, this program is adapted to the minimization of a smooth convex fidelity term which is augmented with an unbalanced transport regularization term given in the form of a generalized Kantorovich-Rubinstein norm for Radon measures. More precisely, we show that the extremal points associated to the latter are given by all Dirac delta functionals supported in the spatial domain as well as certain dipoles, i.e., pairs of Diracs with the same mass but with different signs. Subsequently, this characterization is used to derive precise first-order optimality conditions as well as an efficient solution algorithm for which linear convergence is proved under natural assumptions. This behaviour is also reflected in numerical examples for a model problem.

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A superposition principle for the inhomogeneous continuity equation with Hellinger-Kantorovich-regular coefficients

We study measure-valued solutions of the inhomogeneous continuity equation $\partial_t ρ_t + {\rm div}(vρ_t) = g ρ_t$ where the coefficients $v$ and $g$ are of low regularity. A new superposition principle is proven for positive measure solutions and coefficients for which the recently-introduced dynamic Hellinger-Kantorovich energy is finite. This principle gives a decomposition of the solution into curves $t \mapsto h(t)δ_{γ(t)}$ that satisfy the characteristic system $\dot γ(t) = v(t, γ(t))$, $\dot h(t) = g(t, γ(t)) h(t)$ in an appropriate sense. In particular, it provides a generalization of existing superposition principles to the low-regularity case of $g$ where characteristics are not unique with respect to $h$. Two applications of this principle are presented. First, uniqueness of minimal total-variation solutions for the inhomogeneous continuity equation is obtained if characteristics are unique up to their possible vanishing time. Second, the extremal points of dynamic Hellinger-Kantorovich-type regularizers are characterized. Such regularizers arise, e.g., in the context of dynamic inverse problems and dynamic optimal transport.

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A generalized conditional gradient method for dynamic inverse problems with optimal transport regularization

We develop a dynamic generalized conditional gradient method (DGCG) for dynamic inverse problems with optimal transport regularization. We consider the framework introduced in (Bredies and Fanzon, ESAIM: M2AN, 54:2351-2382, 2020), where the objective functional is comprised of a fidelity term, penalizing the pointwise in time discrepancy between the observation and the unknown in time-varying Hilbert spaces, and a regularizer keeping track of the dynamics, given by the Benamou-Brenier energy constrained via the homogeneous continuity equation. Employing the characterization of the extremal points of the Benamou-Brenier energy (Bredies et al., arXiv:1907.11589, 2019) we define the atoms of the problem as measures concentrated on absolutely continuous curves in the domain. We propose a dynamic generalization of a conditional gradient method that consists in iteratively adding suitably chosen atoms to the current sparse iterate, and subsequently optimize the coefficients in the resulting linear combination. We prove that the method converges with a sublinear rate to a minimizer of the objective functional. Additionally, we propose heuristic strategies and acceleration steps that allow to implement the algorithm efficiently. Finally, we provide numerical examples that demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm and model at reconstructing heavily undersampled dynamic data, together with the presence of noise.

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Regularization Graphs -- A unified framework for variational regularization of inverse problems

We introduce and study a mathematical framework for a broad class of regularization functionals for ill-posed inverse problems: Regularization Graphs. Regularization graphs allow to construct functionals using as building blocks linear operators and convex functionals, assembled by means of operators that can be seen as generalizations of classical infimal convolution operators. This class of functionals exhaustively covers existing regularization approaches and it is flexible enough to craft new ones in a simple and constructive way. We provide well-posedness and convergence results with the proposed class of functionals in a general setting. Further, we consider a bilevel optimization approach to learn optimal weights for such regularization graphs from training data. We demonstrate that this approach is capable of optimizing the structure and the complexity of a regularization graph, allowing, for example, to automatically select a combination of regularizers that is optimal for given training data.

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End-to-end reconstruction meets data-driven regularization for inverse problems

We propose an unsupervised approach for learning end-to-end reconstruction operators for ill-posed inverse problems. The proposed method combines the classical variational framework with iterative unrolling, which essentially seeks to minimize a weighted combination of the expected distortion in the measurement space and the Wasserstein-1 distance between the distributions of the reconstruction and ground-truth. More specifically, the regularizer in the variational setting is parametrized by a deep neural network and learned simultaneously with the unrolled reconstruction operator. The variational problem is then initialized with the reconstruction of the unrolled operator and solved iteratively till convergence. Notably, it takes significantly fewer iterations to converge, thanks to the excellent initialization obtained via the unrolled operator. The resulting approach combines the computational efficiency of end-to-end unrolled reconstruction with the well-posedness and noise-stability guarantees of the variational setting. Moreover, we demonstrate with the example of X-ray computed tomography (CT) that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art unsupervised methods, and that it outperforms or is on par with state-of-the-art supervised learned reconstruction approaches.

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CAFLOW: Conditional Autoregressive Flows

We introduce CAFLOW, a new diverse image-to-image translation model that simultaneously leverages the power of auto-regressive modeling and the modeling efficiency of conditional normalizing flows. We transform the conditioning image into a sequence of latent encodings using a multi-scale normalizing flow and repeat the process for the conditioned image. We model the conditional distribution of the latent encodings by modeling the auto-regressive distributions with an efficient multi-scale normalizing flow, where each conditioning factor affects image synthesis at its respective resolution scale. Our proposed framework performs well on a range of image-to-image translation tasks. It outperforms former designs of conditional flows because of its expressive auto-regressive structure.

cs.CV↗

On the extremal points of the ball of the Benamou-Brenier energy

In this paper we characterize the extremal points of the unit ball of the Benamou--Brenier energy and of a coercive generalization of it, both subjected to the homogeneous continuity equation constraint. We prove that extremal points consist of pairs of measures concentrated on absolutely continuous curves which are characteristics of the continuity equation. Then, we apply this result to provide a representation formula for sparse solutions of dynamic inverse problems with finite dimensional data and optimal-transport based regularization.

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The oriented mailing problem and its convex relaxation

In this note we introduce a new model for the mailing problem in branched transportation in order to allow the cost functional to take into account the orientation of the moving particles. This gives an effective answer to [Problem 15.9] of the book "Optimal transportation networks" by Bernot, Caselles, and Morel. Moreover we define a convex relaxation in terms of rectifiable currents with group coefficients. With such approach we provide the problem with a notion of calibration. Using similar techniques we define a convex relaxation and a corresponding notion of calibration for a variant of the Steiner tree problem in which a connectedness constraint is assigned only among a certain partition of a given set of finitely many points.

math.AP↗

Sparsity of solutions for variational inverse problems with finite-dimensional data

In this paper we characterize sparse solutions for variational problems of the form $\min_{u\in X} ϕ(u) + F(\mathcal{A} u)$, where $X$ is a locally convex space, $\mathcal{A}$ is a linear continuous operator that maps into a finite dimensional Hilbert space and $ϕ$ is a seminorm. More precisely, we prove that there exists a minimizer that is `sparse' in the sense that it is represented as a linear combination of the extremal points of the unit ball associated with the regularizer $ϕ$ (possibly translated by an element in the null space of $ϕ$). We apply this result to relevant regularizers such as the total variation seminorm and the Radon norm of a scalar linear differential operator. In the first example, we provide a theoretical justification of the so-called staircase effect and in the second one, we recover the result in [31] under weaker hypotheses.

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External forces in the continuum limit of discrete systems with non-convex interaction potentials: Compactness for a $Γ$-development

This paper is concerned with equilibrium configurations of one-dimensional particle system with non-convex nearest-neighbour and next-to-nearest-neighbour interactions and its passage to the continuum. The goal is to derive compactness results for a $Γ$-development of the energy with the novelty that external forces are allowed. In particular, the forces may depend on Lagrangian or Eulerian coordinates. Our result is based on a new technique for deriving compactness results which are required for calculating the first-order $Γ$-limit: instead of comparing a configuration of $n$ atoms to a global minimizer of the $Γ$-limit, we compare the configuration to a minimizer in some subclass of functions which in some sense are "close to" the configuration. This new technique is required due to the additional presence of forces with non-convex potentials. The paper is complemented with the study of the minimizers of the $Γ$-limit.

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Sinkhorn AutoEncoders

Optimal transport offers an alternative to maximum likelihood for learning generative autoencoding models. We show that minimizing the p-Wasserstein distance between the generator and the true data distribution is equivalent to the unconstrained min-min optimization of the p-Wasserstein distance between the encoder aggregated posterior and the prior in latent space, plus a reconstruction error. We also identify the role of its trade-off hyperparameter as the capacity of the generator: its Lipschitz constant. Moreover, we prove that optimizing the encoder over any class of universal approximators, such as deterministic neural networks, is enough to come arbitrarily close to the optimum. We therefore advertise this framework, which holds for any metric space and prior, as a sweet-spot of current generative autoencoding objectives. We then introduce the Sinkhorn auto-encoder (SAE), which approximates and minimizes the p-Wasserstein distance in latent space via backprogation through the Sinkhorn algorithm. SAE directly works on samples, i.e. it models the aggregated posterior as an implicit distribution, with no need for a reparameterization trick for gradients estimations. SAE is thus able to work with different metric spaces and priors with minimal adaptations. We demonstrate the flexibility of SAE on latent spaces with different geometries and priors and compare with other methods on benchmark data sets.

cs.LG↗

Calibrations for minimal networks in a covering space setting

In this paper we define a notion of calibration for an equivalent approach to the classical Steiner problem in a covering space setting and we give some explicit examples. Moreover we introduce the notion of calibration in families: the idea is to divide the set of competitors in a suitable way, defining an appropriate (and weaker) notion of calibration. Then, calibrating the candidate minimizers in each family and comparing their perimeter, it is possible to find the minimizers of the minimization problem. Thanks to this procedure we prove the minimality of the Steiner configurations spanning the vertices of a regular hexagon and of a regular pentagon.

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On different notions of calibrations for minimal partitions and minimal networks in $\mathbb{R}^2$

Calibrations are a possible tool to validate the minimality of a certain candidate. They have been introduced in the context of minimal surfaces and adapted to the case of Steiner problem in several variants. Our goal is to compare the different notions of calibrations for the Steiner Problem and for planar minimal partitions. The paper is then complemented with remarks on the convexification of the problem, on non-existence of calibrations and on calibrations in families.

math.OC↗

Long time behaviour for the reinitialization of the distance function

In this article we study the long-time behaviour of a class of non-coercive Hamilton-Jacobi equations, that includes, as a notable example, the so called reinitialization of the distance function. In particular we prove that its viscosity solution converges uniformly as $t\rightarrow +\infty$ to the signed distance function from the zero level set of the initial data.

math.AP↗

A Convex Decomposition Formula for the Mumford-Shah Functional in Dimension One

We study the convex lift of Mumford-Shah type functionals in the space of rectifiable currents and we prove a generalized coarea formula in dimension one, for finite linear combinations of SBV graphs. We use this result to prove the equivalence between the minimum problems for the Mumford-Shah functional and the lifted one and, as a consequence, we obtain a weak existence result for calibrations in one dimension.

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Loss factorization, weakly supervised learning and label noise robustness

We prove that the empirical risk of most well-known loss functions factors into a linear term aggregating all labels with a term that is label free, and can further be expressed by sums of the loss. This holds true even for non-smooth, non-convex losses and in any RKHS. The first term is a (kernel) mean operator --the focal quantity of this work-- which we characterize as the sufficient statistic for the labels. The result tightens known generalization bounds and sheds new light on their interpretation. Factorization has a direct application on weakly supervised learning. In particular, we demonstrate that algorithms like SGD and proximal methods can be adapted with minimal effort to handle weak supervision, once the mean operator has been estimated. We apply this idea to learning with asymmetric noisy labels, connecting and extending prior work. Furthermore, we show that most losses enjoy a data-dependent (by the mean operator) form of noise robustness, in contrast with known negative results.

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