Tight bounds on recurrence time in closed quantum systems
The evolution of an isolated quantum system inevitably exhibits recurrence: the state returns to the vicinity of its initial condition after finite time. Despite its fundamental nature, a rigorous quantitative understanding of recurrence has been lacking. We establish upper bounds on the recurrence time, $t_{\mathrm{rec}} \lesssim t_{\mathrm{exit}}(ε)(1/ε)^d$, where $d$ is the Hilbert-space dimension, $ε$ the neighborhood size, and $t_{\mathrm{exit}}(ε)$ the escape time from this neighborhood. For pure states evolving under a Hamiltonian $H$, estimating $t_{\mathrm{exit}}$ is equivalent to an inverse quantum speed limit problem: finding upper bounds on the time a time-evolved state $ψ_t$ needs to depart from the $ε$-vicinity of the initial state $ψ_0$. We provide a partial solution, showing that under mild assumptions $t_{\mathrm{exit}}(ε) \approx ε/\sqrt{ Δ(H^2)}$, with $Δ(H^2)$ the Hamiltonian variance in $ψ_0$. We show that our upper bound on $t_{\mathrm{rec}}$ is generically saturated for random Hamiltonians. Finally, we analyze the impact of coherence of the initial state in the eigenbasis of $H$ on recurrence behavior.