Gaussian Graphical Models for Partially Observed Multivariate Functional Data
In many applications, the variables that characterize a stochastic system are measured along a second dimension, such as time. This results in multivariate functional data and the interest is in describing the statistical dependencies among these variables. It is often the case that the functional data are only partially observed. This creates additional challenges to statistical inference, since the functional principal component scores, which capture all the information from these data, cannot be computed. Under an assumption of Gaussianity and of partial separability of the covariance operator, we develop an Expectation-Maximization (EM)-type algorithm for penalized inference of a functional graphical model from multivariate functional data which are only partially observed. A simulation study and an illustration on environmental, social and governance (ESG) data show the potential of the proposed method.