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Marcus Bluhm

Publications and source records attributed to Marcus Bluhm.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2026

Statistical Mechanics of Quarkyonic Matter

We extend the theoretical formulation of Quarkyonic Matter within the IdylliQ model framework proposed in [Y. Fujimoto et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 112701 (2024) [1]] for zero temperature to non-zero temperatures. To this end, we develop a consistent statistical mechanics and grand canonical ensemble description of Quarkyonic Matter as a quantum system subject to additional inequality constraints due to the Pauli exclusion principle acting simultaneously on baryons and their constituent quarks. These constraints result in a significant reduction in the number of physically available baryon states compared to an ideal Fermi gas. As a consequence, the one-particle baryon distribution function factorizes into a thermal Fermi-Dirac distribution and a momentum-dependent density of states. This separation allows us to derive a proper definition of the entropy density that satisfies the third law of thermodynamics in the zero-temperature limit. Moreover, we find that inside Quarkyonic Matter the physical temperature and the physical baryon chemical potential differ from the Lagrange multipliers appearing in the Fermi-Dirac distribution which may have important consequences for the thermodynamics of Quarkyonic Matter.

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arXiv2024

Prospective report of the French QCD community to the ESPPU 2025 with respect to the program of the LHC Run 5 and beyond and future colliders at CERN

This document summarizes the prospective physics plans of the French QCD and Heavy-Ion community, including the experimental programs at the LHC Run 5 and beyond and future colliders at CERN, within the context of the French contribution to the update of the European Strategy in Particle Physics (ESPPU 2025), as discussed in the workshop on European Strategy for Particle Physics Update 2025 organised by the QCD GdR in Oct. 2024.

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arXiv2024

Quark saturation in the QCD phase diagram

We determine the onset of Quarkyonic Matter corresponding to values of temperature and baryon chemical potential at which the quark phase space density becomes one. At zero temperature for baryon chemical potentials below the mass of the Lambda baryon, only nucleons contribute to the quark density. This is different at finite temperature, where all baryons, mesons and their resonances can be excited and thus add quarks to the phase space. The probability density to find a quark inside a hadron is determined using the Yukawa ansatz of the IdylliQ model of Quarkyonic Matter. We estimate separately the magnitude of the various contributions of nucleons, Delta baryons, pions as well as further hadrons and resonances. The uncertainty in the parametrization of the probability density to find a quark inside a nucleon is spanned by assuming that at zero temperature the transition density to Quarkyonic Matter is between one and three times that of nuclear matter. Various predictions for a possible critical point associated with the chiral phase transition are found close to a triple point at which the line of the deconfinement transition and the curve associated with the transition to Quarkyonic Matter intersect. These considerations provide an estimate for the region in the QCD phase diagram where Quarkyonic Matter may be found.

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arXiv2024

Renormalized critical dynamics and fluctuations in model A

In the context of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, we explore the stochastic and dissipative relaxational dynamics of a non-conserved order parameter in a $\lambda\varphi^4$ interaction. The cutoff of the theory is provided by the lattice spacing chosen for our numerical simulations. As a consequence, observables become dependent on that scale. We consider a possible first-order phase transition and an evolution close to a critical point. We demonstrate that using a lattice counterterm restores the expected behavior of the mean, variance and kurtosis: the mean and the variance become lattice spacing independent, and we recover the correct expectation value of the mean, the growth of the variance with the correlation length and the expected minimum in the kurtosis. Our findings hold true in equilibrium and during the dynamical relaxation, and therefore mark an important step towards a fully fluctuating fluid dynamical setup.

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arXiv2023

Fate of critical fluctuations in an interacting hadronic medium using maximum entropy distributions

We study the evolution of critical fluctuations in an expanding system within a hadronic transport approach. The initialization of the system with critical fluctuations is achieved by coupling the ideal hadron resonance gas cumulants to the ones from the 3d Ising model and generating the net and total particle number distribution from the principle of maximum entropy. These distributions are then evolved using realistic hadronic interactions. We systematically investigate the evolution of the critical fluctuations initialized at various temperatures and chemical potentials along a freeze-out line. We find that resonance regeneration and isospin randomization processes have the strongest influence on the evolution of the fluctuations. Additionally, the sets of particles coupled to the critical mode are modified to assess the strength of the propagation of correlations through interactions. We find that in the scaling region of the critical point correlations are propagated through the whole collisional history and are still present after the kinetic freeze-out of the matter if the coupling strength is large enough.

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arXiv2022

Critical net-baryon fluctuations in an expanding system

In this work we study the consequences of a longitudinal Bjorken expansion and a Hubble-like temperature cooling scenario on a 1+1D non-linear model of the diffusive dynamics of fluctuations in the net-baryon density. The equilibrium behavior of the fluctuations is fully encoded in the temperature dependence of the susceptibilities on the crossover side both in the vicinity of the assumed location of the critical point and at vanishing baryo-chemical potential in-line with lattice QCD calculations. We demonstrate the great sensitivity of the fluctuation observables on the dynamics, in particular on the diffusion length and the freeze-out conditions. While the critical signals are visible and the critical region is broadened by the expansion, a too small diffusion length can strongly reduce the amplitude of the signals. We propose to search for significant anti-correlations of baryons at intermediate rapidity experimentally and to map out the rapidity dependence of the fourth-order cumulant, which in the presence of a critical point (and only in its presence) has a pronounced minimum at intermediate rapidities.

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arXiv2021

Competition between diffusion and rapid expansion and its impact on critical fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions

We study the impact of the competition between the expansion of the medium created in heavy-ion collisions and its diffusive properties on the critical fluctuations of the net-baryon density. As the relaxation time of the fluctuations is connected with the diffusive properties, the latter determine the in- or out-of-equilibrium nature of the net-baryon density fluctuations during the fireball evolution. This may result in important consequences for the phenomenological interpretation of heavy-ion collision data. We study three possible situations that can occur as a result of the competition between diffusion and expansion and discuss the impact of this competition on the integrated second and fourth order cumulants of net-baryon density fluctuations at freeze-out in these situations.

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arXiv2021

The BEST framework for the search for the QCD critical point and the chiral magnetic effect

The Beam Energy Scan Theory (BEST) Collaboration was formed with the goal of providing a theoretical framework for analyzing data from the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The physics goal of the BES program is the search for a conjectured QCD critical point as well as for manifestations of the chiral magnetic effect. We describe progress that has been made over the previous five years. This includes studies of the equation of state and equilibrium susceptibilities, the development of suitable initial state models, progress in constructing a hydrodynamic framework that includes fluctuations and anomalous transport effects, as well as the development of freezeout prescriptions and hadronic transport models. Finally, we address the challenge of integrating these components into a complete analysis framework. This document describes the collective effort of the BEST Collaboration and its collaborators around the world.

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arXiv2020

Modeling the diffusive dynamics of critical fluctuations near the QCD critical point

The experimental search for the QCD critical point by means of relativistic heavy-ion collisions necessitates the development of dynamical models of fluctuations. In this work we study the fluctuations of the net-baryon density near the critical point. Due to net-baryon number conservation the correct dynamics is given by the fluid dynamical diffusion equation, which we extend by a white noise stochastic term to include intrinsic fluctuations. We quantify finite resolution and finite size effects by comparing our numerical results to analytic expectations for the structure factor and the equal-time correlation function. In small systems the net-baryon number conservation turns out to be quantitatively and qualitatively important, as it introduces anticorrelations at larger distances. Including nonlinear coupling terms in the form of a Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional we observe non-Gaussian fluctuations quantified by the excess kurtosis. We study the dynamical properties of the system close to equilibrium, for a sudden quench in temperature and a Hubble-like temperature evolution. In the real-time dynamical systems we find the important dynamical effects of critical slowing down, weakening of the extremal value and retardation of the fluctuation signal. In this work we establish a set of general tests, which should be met by any model propagating fluctuations, including upcoming $3+1$ dimensional fluctuating fluid dynamics.

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arXiv2020

Locating the freeze-out curve in heavy-ion collisions

Based on transport equations we argue that the chiral dynamics in heavy-ion collisions at high collision energies effectively decouples from the thermal physics of the fireball. With full decoupling at LHC energies the chiral condensate relaxes to its vacuum expectation value on a much shorter time scale than the typical evolution time of the fluid dynamical fields and their fluctuations. In particular, the net-baryon density remains coupled to the bulk evolution at all collision energies. As the mass scales of the hadrons are controlled by the chiral condensate, it is reasonable to employ vacuum masses in the statistical description of the hadron production at the chemical freeze-out for high collision energies. We predict that at lower collision energies the coupling of the chiral condensate to the thermal medium gradually increases with consequences for the related hadronic masses. A new estimate for the location of the freeze-out curve takes these effects into account.

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arXiv2020

Critical fluctuations in a dynamically expanding heavy-ion collision

For the discovery of the QCD critical point it is crucial to develop dynamical models of the fluctuations of the net-baryon number that can be embedded in simulations of heavy-ion collisions. In this proceeding, we study the dynamical formation of the critical fluctuations of the net-baryon number near the QCD critical point and their survival in the late stages in an expanding system. The stochastic diffusion equation with a non-linear free energy functional is employed for describing the evolution of conserved-charge fluctuations along trajectories in the crossover and first-order transition regions near the QCD critical point.

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arXiv2019

Searching for the QCD critical point with net-proton number fluctuations

Net-proton number fluctuations can be measured experimentally and hence provide a source of important information about the matter created during relativistic heavy ion collisions. Particularly, they may give us clues about the conjectured QCD critical point. In this work the beam-energy dependence of ratios of the first four cumulants of the net-proton number is discussed. These quantities are calculated using a phenomenologically motivated model in which critical mode fluctuations couple to protons and anti-protons. Our model qualitatively captures both the monotonic behavior of the lowest-order ratio as well as the non-monotonic behavior of higher-order ratios, as seen in the experimental data from the STAR Collaboration. We also discuss the dependence of our results on the coupling strength and the location of the critical point.

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arXiv2019

Finite size effects on cumulants of the critical mode

In this work we study the temperature dependence of the equilibrium variance of critical fluctuations near the QCD critical point. In particular, we take the finite size of the fireball created in heavy-ion collisions into account and systematically obtain corrections to the leading-order result. We find that not only is the variance globally reduced in a finite size system, but for certain combinations of parameters a two-peak structure can develop for temperatures near the critical point.

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arXiv2019

Quark Flavour Dependence of the Shear Viscosity in a Quasiparticle Model

We study the temperature-dependence of the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio in pure Yang-Mills theory and in QCD with light and strange quarks within kinetic theory in the relaxation time approximation. As effective degrees of freedom in a deconfined phase we consider quasiparticle excitations with quark and gluon quantum numbers and dispersion relations that depend explicitly on the temperature. The quasiparticle relaxation times are obtained by computing the microscopic two-body scattering amplitudes for the elementary scatterings among the quasiparticles. For pure Yang-Mills theory we show that the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio exhibits a characteristic non-monotonicity with a minimum at the first-order phase transition. In the presence of dynamical quarks the ratio smoothens while still exhibiting a minimum near confinement. Furthermore, there is a significant increase of the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio in QCD resulting from the quark contributions. This observation differs from previously reported estimates based on functional methods but is in line with perturbative QCD expectations at higher temperatures.

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arXiv2019

Net-proton number fluctuations in the presence of the QCD critical point

Event-by-event fluctuations of the net-proton number studied in heavy-ion collisions provide an important means in the search for the conjectured critical end point (CP) in the QCD phase diagram. We propose a phenomenological model in which the fluctuations of the chiral critical mode couple to protons and anti-protons. This allows us to study the behavior of the net-proton number fluctuations in the presence of the CP. Calculating the net-proton number cumulants, $C_n$ with n=1,2,3,4, along the phenomenological freeze-out line we show that the ratio of variance and mean $C_2/C_1$, as well as kurtosis $C_4/C_2$ resemble qualitative properties observed in data in heavy-ion collisions as a function of beam energy obtained by the STAR Collaboration at RHIC. In particular, the non-monotonic structure of the kurtosis and smooth change of the $C_2/C_1$ ratio with beam energy could be due to the CP located near the freeze-out line. The skewness, however, exhibits properties that are in contrast to the criticality expected due to the CP. The dependence of our results on the model parameters and the proximity of the chemical freeze-out to the critical point are also discussed.

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arXiv2018

Freeze-out conditions from strangeness observables at RHIC

We determine chemical freeze-out conditions from strangeness observables measured at RHIC beam energies. Based on a combined analysis of lowest-order net-Kaon fluctuations and strange anti-baryon over baryon yield ratios we obtain visibly enhanced freeze-out conditions at high beam energies compared to previous studies which analyzed net-proton and net-charge fluctuations. Our findings are in qualitative agreement with the recent study [1] which utilizes the net-Kaon fluctuation data in combination with information from lattice QCD. Our complimentary approach shows that also strange hadron yield ratios are described by such enhanced freeze-out conditions.

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