arXiv subjects

Marcus Merryfield

Publications and source records attributed to Marcus Merryfield.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2023

Updating the first CHIME/FRB catalog of fast radio bursts with baseband data

In 2021, a catalog of 536 fast radio bursts (FRBs) detected with the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) radio telescope was released by the CHIME/FRB Collaboration. This large collection of bursts, observed with a single instrument and uniform selection effects, has advanced our understanding of the FRB population. Here we update the results for 140 of these FRBs for which channelized raw voltage ('baseband') data are available. With the voltages measured by the telescope's antennas, it is possible to maximize the telescope sensitivity in any direction within the primary beam, an operation called 'beamforming'. This allows us to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the bursts and to localize them to sub-arcminute precision. The improved localization is also used to correct the beam response of the instrument and to measure fluxes and fluences with a ~10% uncertainty. Additionally, the time resolution is increased by three orders of magnitude relative to that in the first CHIME/FRB catalog, and, applying coherent dedispersion, burst morphologies can be studied in detail. Polarization information is also available for the full sample of 140 FRBs, providing an unprecedented dataset to study the polarization properties of the population. We release the baseband data beamformed to the most probable position of each FRB. These data are analyzed in detail in a series of accompanying papers.

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arXiv2023

Flux Calibration of CHIME/FRB Intensity Data

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are bright radio transients of micro-to-millisecond duration and unknown extragalactic origin. Central to the mystery of FRBs are their extremely high characteristic energies, which surpass the typical energies of other radio transients of similar duration, like Galactic pulsar and magnetar bursts, by orders of magnitude. Calibration of FRB-detecting telescopes for burst flux and fluence determination is crucial for FRB science, as these measurements enable studies of the FRB energy and brightness distribution in comparison to progenitor theories. The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) is a radio interferometer of cylindrical design. This design leads to a high FRB detection rate but also leads to challenges for CHIME/FRB flux calibration. This paper presents a comprehensive review of these challenges, as well as the automated flux calibration software pipeline that was developed to calibrate bursts detected in the first CHIME/FRB catalog, consisting of 536 events detected between July 25th, 2018 and July 1st, 2019. We emphasize that, due to limitations in the localization of CHIME/FRB bursts, flux and fluence measurements produced by this pipeline are best interpreted as lower limits, with uncertainties on the limiting value.

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arXiv2022

Inferring the Energy and Distance Distributions of Fast Radio Bursts using the First CHIME/FRB Catalog

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are brief, energetic, extragalactic flashes of radio emission whose progenitors are largely unknown. Although studying the FRB population is essential for understanding how these astrophysical phenomena occur, such studies have been difficult to conduct without large numbers of FRBs and characterizable observational biases. Using the recently released catalog of 536 FRBs published by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment/Fast Radio Burst (CHIME/FRB) collaboration, we present a study of the FRB population that also calibrates for selection effects. Assuming a Schechter luminosity function, we infer a characteristic energy cut-off of $E_\mathrm{char} =$ $2.38^{+5.35}_{-1.64} \times 10^{41}$ erg and a differential power-law index of $\gamma =$ $-1.3^{+0.7}_{-0.4}$. Simultaneously, we infer a volumetric rate of [$7.3^{+8.8}_{-3.8}$(stat.)$^{+2.0}_{-1.8}$(sys.)]$\times 10^4$ Gpc$^{-3}$ year$^{-1}$ above a pivot energy of 10$^{39}$ erg and below a scattering timescale of 10 ms at 600 MHz, and find we cannot significantly constrain the cosmic evolution of the FRB population with star formation rate. Modeling the host dispersion measure (DM) contribution as a log-normal distribution and assuming a total Galactic contribution of 80 pc cm$^{-3}$, we find a median value of $\mathrm{DM}_\mathrm{host} =$ $84^{+69}_{-49}$ pc cm$^{-3}$, comparable with values typically used in the literature. Proposed models for FRB progenitors should be consistent with the energetics and abundances of the full FRB population predicted by our results. Finally, we infer the redshift distribution of FRBs detected with CHIME, which will be tested with the localizations and redshifts enabled by the upcoming CHIME/FRB Outriggers project.

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arXiv2022

An Injection System for the CHIME/FRB Experiment

Dedicated surveys searching for Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) are subject to selection effects which bias the observed population of events. Software injection systems are one method of correcting for these biases by injecting a mock population of synthetic FRBs directly into the realtime search pipeline. The injected population may then be used to map intrinsic burst properties onto an expected signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), so long as telescope characteristics such as the beam model and calibration factors are properly accounted for. This paper presents an injection system developed for the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment Fast Radio Burst project (CHIME/FRB). The system was tested to ensure high detection efficiency, and the pulse calibration method was verified. Using an injection population of ~85,000 synthetic FRBs, we found that the correlation between fluence and SNR for injected FRBs was consistent with that of CHIME/FRB detections in the first CHIME/FRB catalog. We also noted that the sensitivity of the telescope varied strongly as a function of the broadened burst width, but not as a function of the dispersion measure. We conclude that some of the machine-learning based Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) mitigation methods used by CHIME/FRB can be re-trained using injection data to increase sensitivity to wide events, and that planned upgrades to the presented injection system will allow for determining a more accurate CHIME/FRB selection function in the near future.

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arXiv2021

A Local Universe Host for the Repeating Fast Radio Burst FRB 20181030A

We report on the host association of FRB 20181030A, a repeating fast radio burst (FRB) with a low dispersion measure (DM, 103.5 pc cm$^{-3}$) discovered by CHIME/FRB Collaboration et al. (2019a). Using baseband voltage data saved for its repeat bursts, we localize the FRB to a sky area of 5.3 sq. arcmin (90% confidence). Within the FRB localization region, we identify NGC 3252 as the most promising host, with an estimated chance coincidence probability $< 2.5 \times 10^{-3}$. Moreover, we do not find any other galaxy with M$_{r} < -15$ AB mag within the localization region to the maximum estimated FRB redshift of 0.05. This rules out a dwarf host 5 times less luminous than any FRB host discovered to date. NGC 3252 is a star-forming spiral galaxy, and at a distance of $\approx$ 20 Mpc, it is one of the closest FRB hosts discovered thus far. From our archival radio data search, we estimate a 3$\sigma$ upper limit on the luminosity of a persistent compact radio source (source size $<$ 0.3 kpc at 20 Mpc) at 3 GHz to be ${\rm 2 \times 10^{26} erg~s^{-1} Hz^{-1}}$, at least 1500 times smaller than that of the FRB 20121102A persistent radio source. We also argue that a population of young millisecond magnetars alone cannot explain the observed volumetric rate of repeating FRBs. Finally, FRB 20181030A is a promising source for constraining FRB emission models due to its proximity, and we strongly encourage its multi-wavelength follow-up.

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arXiv2021

Sub-second periodicity in a fast radio burst

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-duration flashes of radio waves that are visible at distances of billions of light-years. The nature of their progenitors and their emission mechanism remain open astrophysical questions. Here we report the detection of the multi-component FRB 20191221A and the identification of a periodic separation of 216.8(1) ms between its components with a significance of 6.5 sigmas. The long (~3 s) duration and nine or more components forming the pulse profile make this source an outlier in the FRB population. Such short periodicity provides strong evidence for a neutron-star origin of the event. Moreover, our detection favours emission arising from the neutron-star magnetosphere, as opposed to emission regions located further away from the star, as predicted by some models.

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arXiv2021

The First CHIME/FRB Fast Radio Burst Catalog

We present a catalog of 536 fast radio bursts (FRBs) detected by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment Fast Radio Burst (CHIME/FRB) Project between 400 and 800 MHz from 2018 July 25 to 2019 July 1, including 62 bursts from 18 previously reported repeating sources. The catalog represents the first large sample, including bursts from repeaters and non-repeaters, observed in a single survey with uniform selection effects. This facilitates comparative and absolute studies of the FRB population. We show that repeaters and apparent non-repeaters have sky locations and dispersion measures (DMs) that are consistent with being drawn from the same distribution. However, bursts from repeating sources differ from apparent non-repeaters in intrinsic temporal width and spectral bandwidth. Through injection of simulated events into our detection pipeline, we perform an absolute calibration of selection effects to account for systematic biases. We find evidence for a population of FRBs - comprising a large fraction of the overall population - with a scattering time at 600 MHz in excess of 10 ms, of which only a small fraction are observed by CHIME/FRB. We infer a power-law index for the cumulative fluence distribution of $\alpha=-1.40\pm0.11(\textrm{stat.})^{+0.06}_{-0.09}(\textrm{sys.})$, consistent with the $-3/2$ expectation for a non-evolving population in Euclidean space. We find $\alpha$ is steeper for high-DM events and shallower for low-DM events, which is what would be expected when DM is correlated with distance. We infer a sky rate of $[525\pm30(\textrm{stat.})^{+140}_{-130}({\textrm{sys.}})]/\textrm{sky}/\textrm{day}$ above a fluence of 5 Jy ms at 600 MHz, with scattering time at $600$ MHz under 10 ms, and DM above 100 pc cm$^{-3}$.

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arXiv2019

Observations of Fast Radio Bursts at Frequencies down to 400 Megahertz

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are highly dispersed millisecond-duration radio flashes likely arriving from far outside the Milky Way galaxy. This phenomenon was discovered at radio frequencies near 1.4 GHz and to date has been observed in one case at as high as 8 GHz, but not below 700 MHz in spite of significant searches at low frequencies. Here we report detections of FRBs at radio frequencies as low as 400 MHz, on the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) using the CHIME/FRB instrument. We present 13 FRBs detected during a telescope pre-commissioning phase, when our sensitivity and field-of-view were not yet at design specifications. Emission in multiple events is seen down to 400 MHz, the lowest radio frequency to which we are sensitive. The FRBs show a variety of temporal scattering behaviours, with the majority significantly scattered, and some apparently unscattered to within measurement uncertainty even at our lowest frequencies. Of the 13 reported here, one event has the lowest dispersion measure yet reported, implying it is among the closest yet known, and another has shown multiple repeat bursts, as described in a companion paper. Our low-scattering events suggest that efforts to detect FRBs at radio frequencies below 400 MHz will eventually be successful. The overall scattering properties of our sample suggest that FRBs as a class are preferentially located in environments that scatter radio waves more strongly than the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) in the Milky Way.

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