Useful Evaluation: Syntax and Semantics (Technical Report)
This work provides the first inductive definition of useful CBV evaluation. For that, we first restrict the substitution operation in the Value Substitution Calculus to be linear, yielding the LCBV strategy. We then further restrict substitution in LCBV, so that substitution contributes to the progress of the computation. This optimisation is the UCBV strategy, and its notion of substitution is sensitive to the surrounding evaluation context, so it is non-trivial to capture it inductively. Moreover, we show that UCBV is a sound and complete implementation of LCBV, optimised to implement useful evaluation. As a further contribution, we show that an existing notion of usefulness in the literature, namely the GLAMoUr abstract machine, implements the UCBV strategy with polynomial overhead in time. This establishes that UCBV is time-invariant, i.e., that the number of reduction steps to normal form in UCBV can be used as a measure of time complexity. Defining UCBV leads us to the first semantic model of useful CBV evaluation through system U, a non-idempotent intersection type system. Our main result is a characterisation of termination for useful CBV evaluation via system U: a term is typable in system U if and only if it terminates in UCBV. Additionally, system U provides a quantitative interpretation for UCBV, offering exact step-count information for program evaluation. Even though the specification of the operational semantics of UCBV is highly complex, system U is notably simple. As far as we know, system U is one of the scarce quantitative type systems capturing exactly the substitution step-count for a call-by-value strategy.