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Marina Shmakova

Publications and source records attributed to Marina Shmakova.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Quintessential α-attractors, updated

Quintessential $α$-attractor models of single-field inflation and evolving dark energy were constructed about a decade ago. Recently, it was pointed out that some of them might be disfavored due to dark-radiation constraints on gravitational waves and the higher values of $n_s$ favored by ACT. Here we present a class of updated quintessential $α$-attractor models in which a single field describes both inflation and evolving dark energy, yields higher values of $n_s$, and admits reheating scenarios consistent with the dark-radiation bound on $ΔN_{\rm eff}$. Depending on the value of the cosmological constant $Λ$, these models interpolate between $Λ$CDM with $Λ> 0$ (future dS universe), dynamical dark energy with $Λ= 0$ (future Minkowski universe), and dynamical dark energy with $Λ< 0$ (future cosmological collapse). We also study quintessential $α$-attractor models based on an axion-inflaton complex scalar field with hyperbolic geometry, which describe inflation and dark energy of a ``phantom illusion'' type compatible with DESI DR2.

astro-ph.CO

Gravitational Lensing Accuracy Testing 2010 (GREAT10) Challenge Handbook

GRavitational lEnsing Accuracy Testing 2010 (GREAT10) is a public image analysis challenge aimed at the development of algorithms to analyze astronomical images. Specifically, the challenge is to measure varying image distortions in the presence of a variable convolution kernel, pixelization and noise. This is the second in a series of challenges set to the astronomy, computer science and statistics communities, providing a structured environment in which methods can be improved and tested in preparation for planned astronomical surveys. GREAT10 extends upon previous work by introducing variable fields into the challenge. The "Galaxy Challenge" involves the precise measurement of galaxy shape distortions, quantified locally by two parameters called shear, in the presence of a known convolution kernel. Crucially, the convolution kernel and the simulated gravitational lensing shape distortion both now vary as a function of position within the images, as is the case for real data. In addition, we introduce the "Star Challenge" that concerns the reconstruction of a variable convolution kernel, similar to that in a typical astronomical observation. This document details the GREAT10 Challenge for potential participants. Continually updated information is also available from http://www.greatchallenges.info.

astro-ph.CO

Generalized Attractor Points in Gauged Supergravity

The attractor mechanism governs the near-horizon geometry of extremal black holes in ungauged 4D N=2 supergravity theories and in Calabi-Yau compactifications of string theory. In this paper, we study a natural generalization of this mechanism to solutions of arbitrary 4D N=2 gauged supergravities. We define generalized attractor points as solutions of an ansatz which reduces the Einstein, gauge field, and scalar equations of motion to algebraic equations. The simplest generalized attractor geometries are characterized by non-vanishing constant anholonomy coefficients in an orthonormal frame. Basic examples include Lifshitz and Schrodinger solutions, as well as AdS and dS vacua. There is a generalized attractor potential whose critical points are the attractor points, and its extremization explains the algebraic nature of the equations governing both supersymmetric and non-supersymmetric attractors.

hep-th

A new two-faced scalar solution and cosmological SUSY breaking

We propose a possible new way to resolve the long standing problem of strong supersymmetry breaking coexisting with a small cosmological constant. We consider a scalar component of a minimally coupled N=1 supermultiplet in a general Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) expanding universe. We argue that a tiny term, proportional to H^2 ~ 10^(-122) in Plank's units, appearing in the field equations due to this expansion will provide both, the small vacuum energy and the heavy mass of the scalar supersymmetric partner. We present a non-perturbative solution for the scalar field with an unusual dual-frequency behavior. This solution has two characteristic mass scales related to the Hubble parameter as H^(1/4) and H^(1/2) measured in Plank's units.

hep-th

Results of the GREAT08 Challenge: An image analysis competition for cosmological lensing

We present the results of the GREAT08 Challenge, a blind analysis challenge to infer weak gravitational lensing shear distortions from images. The primary goal was to stimulate new ideas by presenting the problem to researchers outside the shear measurement community. Six GREAT08 Team methods were presented at the launch of the Challenge and five additional groups submitted results during the 6 month competition. Participants analyzed 30 million simulated galaxies with a range in signal to noise ratio, point-spread function ellipticity, galaxy size, and galaxy type. The large quantity of simulations allowed shear measurement methods to be assessed at a level of accuracy suitable for currently planned future cosmic shear observations for the first time. Different methods perform well in different parts of simulation parameter space and come close to the target level of accuracy in several of these. A number of fresh ideas have emerged as a result of the Challenge including a re-examination of the process of combining information from different galaxies, which reduces the dependence on realistic galaxy modelling. The image simulations will become increasingly sophisticated in future GREAT challenges, meanwhile the GREAT08 simulations remain as a benchmark for additional developments in shear measurement algorithms.

astro-ph.CO

Handbook for the GREAT08 Challenge: An image analysis competition for cosmological lensing

The GRavitational lEnsing Accuracy Testing 2008 (GREAT08) Challenge focuses on a problem that is of crucial importance for future observations in cosmology. The shapes of distant galaxies can be used to determine the properties of dark energy and the nature of gravity, because light from those galaxies is bent by gravity from the intervening dark matter. The observed galaxy images appear distorted, although only slightly, and their shapes must be precisely disentangled from the effects of pixelisation, convolution and noise. The worldwide gravitational lensing community has made significant progress in techniques to measure these distortions via the Shear TEsting Program (STEP). Via STEP, we have run challenges within our own community, and come to recognise that this particular image analysis problem is ideally matched to experts in statistical inference, inverse problems and computational learning. Thus, in order to continue the progress seen in recent years, we are seeking an infusion of new ideas from these communities. This document details the GREAT08 Challenge for potential participants. Please visit http://www.great08challenge.info for the latest information.

astro-ph

Lensing signals in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field using all 2nd order shape deformations

The long exposure times of the HST Ultra-Deep Field plus the use of an empirically derived position-dependent PSF, have enabled us to measure a cardioid/displacement distortion map coefficient as well as improving upon the sextupole map coefficient. We confirmed that curved background galaxies are clumped on the same angular scale as found in the HST Deep Field North. The new cardioid/displacement map coefficient is strongly correlated to a product of the sextupole and quadrupole coefficients. One would expect to see such a correlation from fits to background galaxies with quadrupole and sextupole moments. Events that depart from this correlation are expected to arise from map coefficient changes due to lensing, and several galaxy subsets selected using this criteria are indeed clumped.

astro-ph

Brane Inflation, Solitons and Cosmological Solutions: I

In this paper we study various cosmological solutions for a D3/D7 system directly from M-theory with fluxes and M2-branes. In M-theory, these solutions exist only if we incorporate higher derivative corrections from the curvatures as well as G-fluxes. We take these corrections into account and study a number of toy cosmologies, including one with a novel background for the D3/D7 system whose supergravity solution can be completely determined. This new background preserves all the good properties of the original model and opens up avenues to investigate cosmological effects from wrapped branes and brane-antibrane annihilation, to name a few. We also discuss in some detail semilocal defects with higher global symmetries, for example exceptional ones, that could occur in a slightly different regime of our D3/D7 model. We show that the D3/D7 system does have the required ingredients to realise these configurations as non-topological solitons of the theory. These constructions also allow us to give a physical meaning to the existence of certain underlying homogeneous quaternionic Kahler manifolds.

hep-th

Observation of small scale structure using sextupole lensing

Weak gravitational lensing seeks to determine shear by measuring induced quadrupole (elliptical) shapes in background galaxy images. Small impact parameter (a few kpc) gravitational lensing by foreground core masses between 2 10^{9} and 2 10^{12} M_\odot will additionally induce a sextupole shape with the quadrupole and sextupole minima aligned. This correlation in relative orientation of the quadrupole and sextupole provides a sensitive method to identify images which have been slightly curved by lensing events. A general theoretical framework for sextupole lensing is developed which includes several low order coefficients in a general lensing map. Tools to impute map coefficients from the galaxy images are described and applied to the north Hubble deep field. Instrumental PSFs, camera charge diffusion, and image composition methods are modelled in the coefficient determination process. Estimates of Poisson counting noise for each galaxy are used to cut galaxies with signals too small to reliably establish curvature. Curved galaxies are found to be spatially clumped, as would be expected if the curving were due to small impact parameter lensing by localized ensembles of dark matter haloes. Simulations provide an estimate of the total required lensing mass and the acceptable mass range of the constituent haloes. The overdensities and underdensities of visible galaxies and their locations in the Hubble foreground is found to be consistent with our observations and their interpretation as lensing events.

astro-ph

Current Observational Constraints on Cosmic Doomsday

In a broad class of dark energy models, the universe may collapse within a finite time t_c. Here we study a representative model of dark energy with a linear potential, V(ϕ)=V_0(1+αϕ). This model is the simplest doomsday model, in which the universe collapses rather quickly after it stops expanding. Observational data from type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), cosmic microwave background anisotropy (CMB), and large scale structure (LSS) are complementary in constraining dark energy models. Using the new SN Ia data (Riess sample), the CMB data from WMAP, and the LSS data from 2dF, we find that the collapse time of the universe is t_c > 42 (24) gigayears from today at 68% (95%) confidence.

astro-ph

Testing the Cosmological Constant as a Candidate for Dark Energy

It may be difficult to single out the best model of dark energy on the basis of the existing and planned cosmological observations, because many different models can lead to similar observational consequences. However, each particular model can be studied and either found consistent with observations or ruled out. In this paper, we concentrate on the possibility to test and rule out the simplest and by far the most popular of the models of dark energy, the theory described by general relativity with positive vacuum energy (the cosmological constant). We evaluate the conditions under which this model could be ruled out by the future observations made by the Supernova/Acceleration Probe SNAP (both for supernovae and weak lensing) and by the Planck Surveyor cosmic microwave background satellite.

astro-ph

On Branes and Oriented B-fields

Novel theories appear on the world-volume of branes by orienting B fields along various directions of the branes. We review some of the earlier developments and explore many new examples of these theories. In particular, among other things, we study the pinning effect of branes near conifold like singularities and brane-antibrane theories with different fluxes on their world-volumes. We show that all these theories arise from different limits of an M-theory configuration with appropriately chosen G-fluxes. This gives us a way to study them from a unified framework in M-theory.

hep-th

Observations of cluster substructure using weakly lensed sextupole moments

Since dark matter clusters and groups may have substructure, we have examined the sextupole content of Hubble images looking for a curvature signature in background galaxies that would arise from galaxy-galaxy lensing. We describe techniques for extracting and analyzing sextupole and higher weakly lensed moments. Indications of substructure, via spatial clumping of curved background galaxies, were observed in the image of CL0024 and then surprisingly in both Hubble deep fields. We estimate the dark cluster masses in the deep field. Alternatives to a lensing hypothesis appear improbable, but better statistics will be required to exclude them conclusively. Observation of sextupole moments would then provide a means to measure dark matter structure on smaller length scales than heretofore.

astro-ph

Observational Bounds on Cosmic Doomsday

Recently it was found, in a broad class of models, that the dark energy density may change its sign during the evolution of the universe. This may lead to a global collapse of the universe within the time t_c ~ 10^{10}-10^{11} years. Our goal is to find what bounds on the future lifetime of the universe can be placed by the next generation of cosmological observations. As an example, we investigate the simplest model of dark energy with a linear potential V(ϕ) =V_0(1+αϕ). This model can describe the present stage of acceleration of the universe if αis small enough. However, eventually the field ϕrolls down, V(ϕ) becomes negative, and the universe collapses. The existing observational data indicate that the universe described by this model will collapse not earlier than t_c > 10 billion years from the present moment. We show that the data from SNAP and Planck satellites may extend the bound on the "doomsday" time to t_c > 40 billion years at the 95% confidence level.

astro-ph

Supergravity, Dark Energy and the Fate of the Universe

We propose a description of dark energy and acceleration of the universe in extended supergravities with de Sitter (dS) solutions. Some of them are related to M-theory with non-compact internal spaces. Masses of ultra-light scalars in these models are quantized in units of the Hubble constant: m^2 = n H^2. If dS solution corresponds to a minimum of the effective potential, the universe eventually becomes dS space. If dS solution corresponds to a maximum or a saddle point, which is the case in all known models based on N=8 supergravity, the flat universe eventually stops accelerating and collapses to a singularity. We show that in these models, as well as in the simplest models of dark energy based on N=1 supergravity, the typical time remaining before the global collapse is comparable to the present age of the universe, t = O(10^{10}) years. We discuss the possibility of distinguishing between various models and finding our destiny using cosmological observations.

hep-th

Gauged Supergravities, de Sitter Space and Cosmology

We have studied scalar potentials V of gauged N=8,4,2 supergravities in d=4. Extrema of these potentials may correspond to de Sitter, anti de Sitter and Minkowski vacua. All de Sitter extrema that we have studied correspond to unstable maximum/saddle points with negative curvature |V''|=2V for the fields canonically normalized at the extremum. This is equivalent to the relation |m^2| =|R|/2 = 6H^2 for the tachyonic mass m, the curvature scalar R, and the Hubble constant H. This prevents the use of de Sitter extrema for slow-roll inflation in the early universe, which would require |V''| \ll V . Moreover, in all models that we were able to analyse the potential is unbounded from below. On the other hand, barring the question how realistic such models could be, one can use them for the description of the accelerated expansion of the universe at the present epoch. This is related to a novel possibility of the fast-roll inflation with |V''| > V . We also display some potentials that have flat directions with vanishing cosmological constant, and discuss their possible cosmological implications.

hep-th

Domain Walls with Strings Attached

We have constructed a bulk & brane action of IIA theory which describes a pair of BPS domain walls on S_1/Z_2, with strings attached. The walls are given by two orientifold O8-planes with coincident D8-branes and `F1-D0'-strings are stretched between the walls. This static configuration satisfies all matching conditions for the string and domain wall sources and has 1/4 of unbroken supersymmetry.

hep-th

Domain Walls, Black Holes, and Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics

Supersymmetric solutions, such as BPS domain walls or black holes, in four- and five-dimensional supergravity theories with eight supercharges can be described by effective quantum mechanics with a potential term. We show how properties of the latter theory can help us to learn about the physics of supersymmetric vacua and BPS solutions in these supergravity theories. The general approach is illustrated in a number of specific examples where scalar fields of matter multiplets take values in symmetric coset spaces.

hep-th