arXiv subjects

Mark A. Walker

Publications and source records attributed to Mark A. Walker.

29 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2009

The Australia Telescope 20 GHz Survey: The Source Catalogue

We present the full source catalogue from the Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) Survey. The AT20G is a blind radio survey carried out at 20 GHz with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) from 2004 to 2008, and covers the whole sky south of declination 0 deg. The AT20G source catalogue presented here is an order of magnitude larger than any previous catalogue of high-frequency radio sources, and includes 5890 sources above a 20 GHz flux-density limit of 40 mJy. All AT20G sources have total intensity and polarisation measured at 20 GHz, and most sources south of declination -15 deg also have near-simultaneous flux-density measurements at 5 and 8 GHz. A total of 1559 sources were detected in polarised total intensity at one or more of the three frequencies. We detect a small but significant population of non-thermal sources that are either undetected or have only weak detections in low-frequency catalogues. We introduce the term Ultra-Inverted Spectrum (UIS) to describe these radio sources, which have a spectral index alpha(5, 20) > +0.7 and which constitute roughly 1.2 per cent of the AT20G sample. The 20 GHz flux densities measured for the strongest AT20G sources are in excellent agreement with the WMAP 5-year source catalogue of Wright et al. (2009), and we find that the WMAP source catalogue is close to complete for sources stronger than 1.5 Jy at 23 GHz.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2008

The Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) Survey: The Bright Source Sample

The Australia Telescope 20 GHz (AT20G) Survey is a blind survey of the whole Southern sky at 20 GHz (with follow-up observations at 4.8 and 8.6 GHz) carried out with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) from 2004 to 2007. The Bright Source Sample (BSS) is a complete flux-limited subsample of the AT20G Survey catalogue comprising 320 extragalactic (|b|>1.5 deg) radio sources south of dec = -15 deg with S(20 GHz) > 0.50 Jy. Of these, 218 have near simultaneous observations at 8 and 5 GHz. In this paper we present an analysis of radio spectral properties in total intensity and polarisation, size, optical identifications and redshift distribution of the BSS sources. The analysis of the spectral behaviour shows spectral curvature in most sources with spectral steepening that increases at higher frequencies (the median spectral index α, assuming S\propto ν^α, decreases from α_{4.8}^{8.6}=0.11 between 4.8 and 8.6 GHz to α_{8.6}^{20}=-0.16 between 8.6 and 20 GHz), even if the sample is dominated by flat spectra sources (85 per cent of the sample has α_{8.6}^{20}>-0.5). The almost simultaneous spectra in total intensity and polarisation allowed us a comparison of the polarised and total intensity spectra: polarised fraction slightly increases with frequency, but the shapes of the spectra have little correlation. Optical identifications provided an estimation of redshift for 186 sources with a median value of 1.20 and 0.13 respectively for QSO and galaxies.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

Extreme Scattering Events: insights into the interstellar medium on AU-scales

Several radio-wave scintillation phenomena exhibit properties which are difficult to accommodate within the standard propagation model based on distributed Kolmogorov turbulence in the ionised ISM; here we discuss one such phenomenon, namely Extreme Scattering Events. By analysis of the data we demonstrate that these events are caused by ionised gas associated with self-gravitating, AU-sized gas clouds. The data also show that the ionised gas is confined by ram pressure, with the clouds moving at hundreds of km/s relative to the diffuse ISM and causing strong shocks. These conclusions are supported by a quantitative model in which heat from the shocked ISM evaporates gas from the surface of a cold cloud; this model readily explains the physical conditions which are required for Extreme Scattering and yields passable reproductions of the light-curves. The magnetotail of the cloud provides a site in which two other ``anomalous'' radio-wave propagation phenomena -- IntraDay Variability of quasars, and pulsar parabolic arcs -- can plausibly arise, thus linking three anomalous propagation phenomena in a single physical model. Locally there must be thousands of these neutral clouds per cubic parsec and by mass they are the primary constituent of interstellar matter.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

The properties of extragalactic radio sources selected at 20 GHz

We present some first results on the variability, polarization and general properties of radio sources selected in a blind survey at 20 GHz, the highest frequency at which a sensitive radio survey has been carried out over a large area of sky. Sources with flux densities above 100 mJy in the AT20G Pilot Survey at declination -60 to -70 were observed at up to three epochs during 2002-4, including near-simultaneous measurements at 5, 8 and 18 GHz in 2003. Of the 173 sources detected, 65% are candidate QSOs, BL Lac objects or blazars, 20% galaxies and 15% faint (b > 22 mag) optical objects or blank fields. On a 1-2 year timescale, the general level of variability at 20 GHz appears to be low. For the 108 sources with good-quality measurements in both 2003 and 2004, the median variability index at 20 GHz was 6.9% and only five sources varied by more than 30% in flux density. Most sources in our sample show low levels of linear polarization (typically 1-5%), with a median fractional polarization of 2.3% at 20 GHz. There is a trend for fainter sources to show higher fractional polarization. At least 40% of sources selected at 20GHz have strong spectral curvature over the frequency range 1-20 GHz. We use a radio `two-colour diagram' to characterize the radio spectra of our sample, and confirm that the radio-source population at 20 GHz (which is also the foreground point-source population for CMB anisotropy experiments like WMAP and Planck) cannot be reliably predicted by extrapolating the results of surveys at lower frequencies. As a result, direct selection at 20 GHz appears to be a more efficient way of identifying 90 GHz phase calibrators for ALMA than the currently-proposed technique of extrapolation from all-sky surveys at 1-5 GHz.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2004

Measuring transverse velocities in gravitationally lensed extragalactic systems using an annual parallax effect

A parallax method to determine transverse velocity in a gravitationally lensed system is described. Using the annual motion of the Earth around the Sun allows us to probe the local structure of the magnification map that, under certain assumptions, can be used to infer the effective transverse velocity. The method is applied to OGLE data for QSO2237+0305 and the velocity value is estimated to be about (15 +/- 10) km/s if attributed to the lensing galaxy or about (420 +/- 300) km/s if attributed to the quasar. We find this estimate unreasonably small and conclude that we have not measured a parallax effect. We give a short list of properties that a system should possess to allow a successful implementation of this method.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2003

Nanolensing of gamma-ray bursts

All quasars vary in their optical flux on a time-scale of years, and it has been proposed that these variations are principally due to gravitational lensing by a cosmologically distributed population of planetary mass objects. This interpretation has implications for the observable properties of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) -- as a source expands across the nano-arcsecond caustic network, variability is expected -- and data on GRBs can be used to test the proposed model of quasar variability. Here we employ an ultra-relativistic blast-wave model of the source, with no intrinsic variations, to study the effects of nanolensing on GRBs. Taken in isolation the light-curves of the caustic crossings are predictable, and we find that a subset of the predicted light-curves (the image-annihilating fold crossings) resemble the ``pulses'' which are commonly seen in long GRBs. Furthermore, for sources at high redshift the expected time between caustic crossings is of order seconds, comparable to the observed time between pulses. These points suggest that it might be possible to model some of the observed variations of GRBs in terms of nanolensing; however, our simulated light-curves exhibit a small depth of modulation compared to what is observed. This means that the GRB data do not significantly constrain the quasar nanolensing model; it also means that the simplest nanolensing model cannot explain the observed GRB ``pulses''. Viable nanolensing models for pulses probably require a large external beam shear. If a viable model can be constructed it would effect a considerable simplification in source modelling and, ironically, it would explain why no macro-lensed GRBs have been identified to date. (Abridged)

astro-ph↗

arXiv2000

Interpretation of Extreme Scattering Events

Extreme Scattering Events are sometimes manifest in the light-curves of compact radio-quasars at frequencies of a few GHz. These events are not understood. The model which appears to offer the best explanation requires a new population of AU-sized, neutral gas clouds; these clouds would then make up a large fraction of the Galaxy's dark matter. Independent of the question of which theoretical model is correct, if we extrapolate the observed behaviour to low radio-frequencies, we expect that the sky should be criss-crossed by a network of narrow caustics, at frequencies below about 700 MHz. Consequently at these frequencies sources should typically manifest additional, faint images which are substantially delayed with respect to the primary image. Although some examples of this type of behaviour are already known, it is expected that these are just the tip of the iceberg, with strong selection biases having been imposed by the instrumentation employed to date.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2000

Luminous "Dark" Halos

Several lines of evidence suggest that cold, dense gas clouds make a substantial contribution to the total mass of dark halos. If so then physical collisions between clouds must occur; these cause strong, radiative shocks to propagate through the cold gas, with the startling implication that all ``dark'' halos must be luminous. The expected luminosity is a strong function of halo velocity dispersion, and should contribute a significant fraction of the observed X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies, if dark halos are predominantly made of cold gas. Existing data do not exclude this possibility; indeed two particular expectations of the luminous-halo model are borne out in the X-ray data, and thus give support to the cold-cloud dark matter model. First we find a luminosity-temperature correlation of the form L proportional to T to the power 11/4, as seen in recent analyses of cluster samples. Secondly the anticipated spectra have substantially more power at low energies than isothermal bremsstrahlung spectra, and might account for the observed ``excess'' EUV emission seen from some clusters. The successes of the luminous-halo model are particularly remarkable because the theory has no free parameters or ad hoc elements. The model can be tested by the X-ray satellite Chandra, which should resolve the Virgo cluster into 10,000 point-like, transient X-ray sources. Non-detection of any such sources by Chandra can constrain the contribution of cold gas clouds to below 1% of the total matter density in the Universe, assuming Virgo to be representative.

astro-ph↗

arXiv1999

Extreme scattering of pulsars

Extreme Scattering Events are radio-wave lensing events caused by AU-sized concentrations of ionised gas. Although they were discovered more than a decade ago we still have no clear picture of the physical nature of the lenses. To discriminate between the various models, we need to amass more information on multiple imaging phenomena. Pulsars are perfect targets for such studies: they offer six- to ten-times the information content of quasar observations, and their small angular sizes make them sensitive to distant lenses. In addition, small source-size means that multiple imaging can be studied even when there is little change in the total source flux, because the (weak) secondary images interfere with the primary and create periodic fringes in the spectrum.

astro-ph↗

arXiv1999

Unambiguous quasar microlensing

Microlensing studies of quasars can reveal dark matter lumps over a broad mass spectrum; we highlight the importance of monitoring quasars which are seen through the halos of low-redshift galaxies. For these configurations microlensing by planetary-mass objects will manifest itself as isolated events which are only weakly chromatic. Statistical comparison of the observed optical depths with their theoretical counterparts provides a strong test for a microlensing origin of such events. If microlensing is detected, the light-curves can reveal not only the characteristic microlens masses, and their corresponding contribution to dark halos, but also how compact the individual objects are. In this way we can decisively test the possibility that the dark matter associated with galaxies is composed principally of planetary-mass gas clouds.

astro-ph↗

arXiv1999

Collisional baryonic dark matter halos

If dark halos are composed of dense gas clouds, as has recently been inferred, then collisions between clouds lead to galaxy evolution. Collisions introduce a core in an initially singular dark matter distribution, and can thus help to reconcile scale-free initial conditions -- such as are found in simulations -- with observed halos, which have cores. A pseudo-Tully-Fisher relation, between halo circular speed and visible mass (not luminosity), emerges naturally from the model: visible mass proportional to V^3.5. Published data conform astonishingly well to this theoretical prediction. For our sample of galaxies, the mass-velocity relationship has much less scatter than the Tully-Fisher relation, and holds as well for dwarf galaxies (where diffuse gas makes a sizeable contribution to the total visible mass) as it does for giants. It seems very likely that this visible-mass/velocity relationship is the underlying physical basis for the Tully-Fisher relation, and this discovery in turn suggests that the dark matter is both baryonic and collisional.

astro-ph↗