arXiv subjects

Mark T. Reynolds

Publications and source records attributed to Mark T. Reynolds.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

AT2021yky: A Fast-Rising Optical Transient with Evolving Broad Hydrogen Emission Consistent with an Ambiguous Nuclear Transient

Nuclear transients are powerful probes of supermassive black hole properties, offering insight into black hole mass, accretion physics, and the structure of galactic nuclei. Among these, a growing class of events cannot be classified as either tidal disruption events (TDEs) or active galactic nuclei (AGN) flares, and their physical origins remain poorly understood. We present a multi-wavelength photometric and spectroscopic analysis of AT2021yky (ZTF21abzciqh), an ambiguous nuclear transient (ANT) at a redshift of $z = 0.076$. AT2021yky reached a peak bolometric luminosity of $L_{\rm peak} = (4.1 \pm 1.1) \times 10^{43}~\mathrm{erg~s^{-1}}$, with a rise-time of $18.2 \pm 0.7$ days. The early-time UV/optical emission is well described by a blackbody with a temperature of $T \simeq 1.4 \times 10^{4}$ K, cooler than most optically selected TDEs. No X-ray emission from the transient is detected, with a $3σ$ limit of $L_X \lesssim 3.4 \times 10^{41}$ erg s$^{-1}$ near peak. Spectroscopic observations reveal a largely featureless blue continuum with broad (FWHM$\sim 11,000$ km s$^{-1}$) H$α$ emission line that appears around 20$-$40 days post-peak. The host-galaxy emission-line ratios indicate the presence of an AGN, though the absence of optical or mid-IR variability and a non-AGN mid-IR color suggest it is weak. AT2021yky exhibits a rapid rise time comparable to that of luminous fast blue optical transients (LFBOTs), while its decay timescale and late-time broad H$α$ emission resemble those observed in TDEs. However, its cooler blackbody temperature and the absence of He II and Balmer emission lines other than H$α$ instead favour its classification as an ANT.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Constraining black hole spin in PG 1535+547 amidst complex multi-layered absorption

We present a spectroscopic analysis of XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations of the 'complex' NLS1 PG 1535+547 at redshift $z=0.038$. These observations span three epochs: 2002 and 2006 with XMM-Newton alone, covering the $0.3-10$ keV energy range, and a coordinated XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observation in 2016, covering the $0.3-60$ keV energy range. The X-ray spectra across all epochs exhibit both neutral and ionized absorption, along with reflection features from the accretion disc, including a prominent Compton hump in the broadband data. Notably, the spectral shape varies across epochs. Our analysis suggests this variability is attributed to changes in both line-of-sight absorption and the intrinsic emission from PG 1535+547. The source is obscured by multiple layers of partially and/or fully covering neutral and ionized absorbers, with neutral column densities ranging from undetectable levels in the least obscured phase to $\sim0.3-5\times10^{23}\mathrm{cm^{-2}}$ in the most obscured phase. A clear warm absorber is revealed during the least obscured phase. The continuum remains fairly consistent ($Γ\approx 2.2\pm0.1$) during the first two observations, followed by a substantial flux decrease (by a factor of $\sim7$ in the $2-10$ keV band) in 2016 compared to 2006. The 2016 data indicates the source is in a reflection-dominated state during this epoch, with a reflection fraction of $R>7$ and an X-ray source located at a height $\leq 1.72r_g$. Simultaneous fitting of the multi-epoch data suggests a rapidly rotating black hole with a spin parameter, $a>0.99$. These findings imply that strong light-bending effects may account for the observed continuum flux reduction.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

Exploring the high-density reflection model for the soft excess in RBS 1124

'Bare' active galactic nuclei (AGN) are a subclass of Type 1 AGN that show little or no intrinsic absorption. They offer an unobscured view of the central regions of the AGN and therefore serve as ideal targets to study the relativistic reflection features originating from the innermost regions of the accretion disc. We present a detailed broadband spectral analysis ($0.3 - 70$ keV) of one of the most luminous bare AGN in the local universe, RBS 1124 ($z= 0.208$) using a new, co-ordinated high signal-to-noise observation obtained by $\textit{XMM-Newton}$ and $\textit{NuSTAR}$. The source exhibits a power-law continuum with $Γ\sim$ 1.8 along with a soft excess below 2 keV, a weak neutral iron line and curvature at high energies ($\sim 30$ keV). The broadband spectrum, including the soft excess and the high-energy continuum, is well fit by the relativistic reflection model when the accretion disc is allowed to have densities of log$(n_{\rm e}$/cm$^{-3}$) $\gtrsim 19.2$. Our analysis therefore suggests that when high-density effects are considered, relativistic reflection remains a viable explanation for the soft excess.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

Investigating the Mass of the Black Hole and Possible Wind Outflow of the Accretion Disk in the Tidal Disruption Event AT2021ehb

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) can potentially probe low-mass black holes in host galaxies that might not adhere to bulge or stellar-dispersion relationships. At least initially, TDEs can also reveal super-Eddington accretion. X-ray spectroscopy can potentially constrain black hole masses, and reveal ionized outflows associated with super-Eddington accretion. Our analysis of XMM-Newton X-ray observations of the TDE AT2021ehb, around 300 days post-disruption, reveals a soft spectrum and can be fit with a combination of multi-color disk blackbody and power-law components. Using two independent disk models with properties suited to TDEs, we estimate a black hole mass at $M \simeq 10^{5.5}~M_{\odot}$, indicating AT2021ehb may expose the elusive low-mass end of the nuclear black hole population. These models offer simple yet robust characterization; more complicated models are not required, but provide important context and caveats in the limit of moderately sensitive data. If disk reflection is included, the disk flux is lower and inferred black hole masses are $\sim$ 0.35 dex higher. Simple wind formulations imply an extremely fast $v_{\mathrm{out}} = -0.2~c$ outflow and obviate a disk continuum component. Assuming a unity filling factor, such a wind implies an instantaneous mass outflow rate of $\dot{M} \simeq 5~M_{\odot}~{\rm yr}^{-1}$. Such a high rate suggests that the filling factor for the Ultra Fast Outflow (UFO) must be extremely low, and/or the UFO phase is ephemeral. We discuss the strengths and limitations of our analysis and avenues for future observations of TDEs.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

Fierce Feedback in an Obscured, Sub-Eddington State of the Seyfert 1.2 Markarian 817

Markarian 817 is a bright and variable Seyfert-1.2 active galactic nucleus (AGN). X-ray monitoring of Mrk 817 with the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory in 2022 revealed that the source flux had declined to a lower level than recorded at any prior point in the then-19-year mission. We present an analysis of deep XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations obtained in this low flux state. The spectra reveal a complex X-ray wind consisting of neutral and ionized absorption zones. Three separate velocity components are detected as part of a structured ultra-fast outflow (UFO), with v/c = 0.043 (+0.007,-0.003), v/c = 0.079 (+0.003,-0.0008), and v/c = 0.074 (+0.004,-0.005). These projected velocities suggest that the wind likely arises at radii that are much smaller than the optical broad line region (BLR). In order for each component of the outflow to contribute significant feedback, the volume filling factors must be greater than f ~ 0.009, f ~ 0.003, and f ~ 0.3, respectively. For plausible, data-driven volume filling factors, these limits are passed, and the total outflow likely delivers the fierce feedback required to reshape its host environment, despite a modest radiative Eddington fraction of lambda ~ 0.008-0.016 (this range reflects plausible masses). UFOs are often detected at or above the Eddington limit; this result signals that black hole accretion has the potential to shape host galaxies even at modest Eddington fractions, and over a larger fraction of a typical AGN lifetime. We discuss our findings in terms of models for disk winds and black hole feedback in this and other AGN.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

Prospects for Time-Domain and Multi-Messenger Science with AXIS

The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS) promises revolutionary science in the X-ray and multi-messenger time domain. AXIS will leverage excellent spatial resolution (<1.5 arcsec), sensitivity (80x that of Swift), and a large collecting area (5-10x that of Chandra) across a 24-arcmin diameter field of view to discover and characterize a wide range of X-ray transients from supernova-shock breakouts to tidal disruption events to highly variable supermassive black holes. The observatory's ability to localize and monitor faint X-ray sources opens up new opportunities to hunt for counterparts to distant binary neutron star mergers, fast radio bursts, and exotic phenomena like fast X-ray transients. AXIS will offer a response time of <2 hours to community alerts, enabling studies of gravitational wave sources, high-energy neutrino emitters, X-ray binaries, magnetars, and other targets of opportunity. This white paper highlights some of the discovery science that will be driven by AXIS in this burgeoning field of time domain and multi-messenger astrophysics.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2022

Characterizing the Variable X-ray and UV-Optical Flux Behavior of Blazars

The variability of blazars in the X-ray and optical regions informs both the physics of their emitting region and places demands on the observer if a program requires that the object be bright or faint. The extensive simultaneous X-ray and optical observation by Swift provides the best insight into the variable nature of these objects. This program uses \textit{Swift} data for 19 X-ray-bright blazars, generally at $z > 0.1$, to determine their variability properties. The analysis is based on structure functions and provides insight into the nature of the variability and how it depends on time, luminosity, and redshift. We also consider strategies for observing blazars at or above average brightness, given a time delay between planning an observation and obtaining the data. This is critical to observations with orbiting X-ray telescopes, current or future. The variability in the soft X-ray band is typically three to eight times larger than at UV-optical wavelengths, at fixed time differences (i.e., 30 or 100 days). There is almost no difference in the amplitude of variation (X-ray or UV-optical) as a function of redshift (time delay of 30 days) and a modest positive correlation with luminosity. In the X-ray band, blazars that become brighter than normal typically remain bright for at least 2-3 months, although with significant flickering. One can avoid observing objects that are significantly below the average X-ray flux by scheduling the observation when the $F_X > 0.9 F_{X,avg}$, which requires monitoring observations near the time of the scheduling activity.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2021

The Disk Veiling Effect of the Black Hole Low-Mass X-ray Binary A0620-00

The optical light curves of quiescent black hole low-mass X-ray binaries often exhibit significant non-ellipsoidal variabilities, showing the photospheric radiation of the companion star is veiled by other source of optical emission. Assessing this "veiling" effect is critical to the black hole mass measurement. Here in this work, we carry out a strictly simultaneous spectroscopic and photometric campaign on the prototype of black hole low-mass X-ray binary A0620-00. We find that for each observation epoch, the extra optical flux beyond a pure ellipsoidal modulation is positively correlated with the fraction of veiling emission, indicating the accretion disk contributes most of the non-ellipsoidal variations. Meanwhile, we also obtain a K2V spectral classification of the companion, as well as the measurements of the companion's rotational velocity $v \sin i = 83.8\pm1.9$ km s$^{-1}$ and the mass ratio between the companion and the black hole $q=0.063\pm0.004$.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2021

The Spin and Orientation of the Black Hole in XTE J1908$+$094

NuSTAR observed the black hole candidate XTE J1908$+$094 during its 2013 and 2019 outbursts. We use relativistic reflection to measure the spin of the black hole through 19 different assumptions of relxill flavors and parameter combinations. The most favored model in terms of Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) measures the spin of the black hole to be $a = 0.55^{+0.29}_{-0.45}$, and an inclination of $θ=27^{+2}_{-3}$ degrees ($1σ$ statistical errors). We look at the effects of coronal geometry assumptions and density of the accretion disk on the spin prediction. All 19 tested models provide consistent spin estimates. We discuss the evolution of spin measurement techniques using relativistic reflection in X-ray binaries and discuss the implications of this spin measurement in reconciling the distributions of stellar mass black hole spin measurements made through X-ray and gravitational wave observations.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2020

A New Spin on an Old Black Hole: NuSTAR Spectroscopy of EXO 1846-031

The black hole candidate EXO 1846-031 underwent an outburst in 2019, after at least 25 years in quiescence. We observed the system using \textit{NuSTAR} on August 3rd, 2019. The 3--79 keV spectrum shows strong relativistic reflection features. Our baseline model gives a nearly maximal black hole spin value of $a=0.997_{-0.002}^{+0.001}$ ($1σ$ statistical errors). This high value nominally excludes the possibility of the central engine harboring a neutron star. Using several models, we test the robustness of our measurement to assumptions about the density of the accretion disk, the nature of the corona, the choice of disk continuum model, and addition of reflection from the outer regions of the accretion disk. All tested models agree on a very high black hole spin value and a high value for the inclination of the inner accretion disk of $θ\approx73^\circ$. We discuss the implications of this spin measurement in the population of stellar mass black holes with known spins, including LIGO events.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2019

A Bayesian Analysis of SDSS J0914+0853, a Low-Mass Dual AGN Candidate

We present the first results from BAYMAX (Bayesian AnalYsis of Multiple AGN in X-rays), a tool that uses a Bayesian framework to quantitatively evaluate whether a given Chandra observation is more likely a single or dual point source. Although the most robust method of determining the presence of dual AGNs is to use X-ray observations, only sources that are widely separated relative to the instrument PSF are easy to identify. It becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish dual AGNs from single AGNs when the separation is on the order of Chandra's angular resolution (<1''). Using likelihood models for single and dual point sources, BAYMAX quantitatively evaluates the likelihood of an AGN for a given source. Specifically, we present results from BAYMAX analyzing the lowest-mass dual AGN candidate to date, SDSS J0914+0853, where archival Chandra data shows a possible secondary AGN ~0.3'' from the primary. Analyzing a new 50 ks Chandra observation, results from BAYMAX shows that SDSS J0914+0853 is most likely a single AGN with a Bayes factor of 13.5 in favor of a single point source model. Further, posterior distributions from the dual point source model are consistent with emission from a single AGN. We find the probability of SDSS J0914+0853 being a dual AGN system with a flux ratio f>0.3 and separation r>0.3'' to be very low. Overall, BAYMAX will be an important tool for correctly classifying candidate dual AGNs in the literature, and studying the dual AGN population where past spatial resolution limits have prevented systematic analyses.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2018

Constraining the inclination of the Low-Mass X-ray Binary Cen X-4

We present the results of ellipsoidal light curve modeling of the low mass X-ray binary Cen X-4 in order to constrain the inclination of the system and mass of the neutron star. Near-IR photometric monitoring was performed in May 2008 over a period of three nights at Magellan using PANIC. We obtain J, H and K lightcurves of Cen X-4 using differential photometry. An ellipsoidal modeling code was used to fit the phase folded light curves. The lightcurve fit which makes the least assumptions about the properties of the binary system yields an inclination of 34.9 (+4.9, -3.6) degrees, which is consistent with previous determinations of the system's inclination but with improved statistical uncertainties. When combined with the mass function and mass ratio, this inclination yields a neutron star mass of 1.51 (+0.40, -0.55) M_sun. This model allows accretion disk parameters to be free in the fitting process. Fits that do not allow for an accretion disk component in the near-IR flux gives a systematically lower inclination between approximately 33 and 34 degrees, leading to a higher mass neutron star between approximately 1.7 M_sun and 1.8 M_sun. We discuss the implications of other assumptions made during the modeling process as well as numerous free parameters and their effects on the resulting inclination.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2017

Simultaneous multiwavelength observations of V404 Cygni during its 2015 June outburst decay strengthen the case for an extremely energetic jet-base

We present results of multiband optical photometry of the black hole X-ray binary system V404 Cygni obtained using Wheaton College Observatory's 0.3m telescope, along with strictly simultaneous INTEGRAL and Swift observations during 2015 June 25.15--26.33 UT, and 2015 June 27.10--27.34 UT. These observations were made during the 2015 June outburst of the source when it was going through an epoch of violent activity in all wavelengths ranging from radio to $γ$-rays. The multiwavelength variability timescale favors a compact emission region, most likely originating in a jet outflow, for both observing epochs presented in this work. The simultaneous INTEGRAL/Imager on Board the Integral Satellite (IBIS) 20--40 keV light curve obtained during the June 27 observing run correlates very strongly with the optical light curve, with no detectable delay between the optical bands as well as between the optical and hard X-rays. The average slope of the dereddened spectral energy distribution was roughly flat between the $I_C$- and $V$-bands during the June 27 run, even though the optical and X-ray flux varied by $>$25$\times$ during the run, ruling out an irradiation origin for the optical and suggesting that the optically thick to optically thin jet synchrotron break during the observations was at a frequency larger than that of $V$-band, which is quite extreme for X-ray binaries. These observations suggest that the optical emission originated very close to the base of the jet. A strong H$α$ emission line, probably originating in a quasi-spherical nebula around the source, also contributes significantly in the $R_C$-band. Our data, in conjunction with contemporaneous data at other wavelengths presented by other groups, strongly suggest that the jet-base was extremely compact and energetic during this phase of the outburst.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2016

Discrete Knot Ejection from the Jet in a Nearby Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus, M81*

Observational constraints of relativistic jets from black holes has largely come from the most powerful and extended jets\cite{Jorstad05,Asada14}, leaving the nature of the low luminosity jets a mystery\cite{Falcke04}. M81* is one of the nearest low-luminosity jets, which underwent an extremely large radio flare in 2011, allowing us to study compact core emission with unprecedented sensitivity and linear resolution. Utilizing a multi-wavelength campaign, we were able to track the flare as it re-brightened and became optically thick. Simultaneous X-ray observations indicated the radio re-brightening was preceded by a low energy X-ray flare at least $t_{\rm delay}>12\ {\rm days}$ prior. Associating the time delay between the two bands as the cooling time in a synchrotron flare\cite{Urry97,Bai03}, we find the magnetic field strength was $1.9<B<9.2\ {\rm G}$, which is consistent with magnetic field estimate from spectral-energy distribution modeling\cite{Kellerman81}, $B<10.2\ {\rm G}$. In addition, VLBA observations at 23 GHz clearly illustrate a discrete knot moving mildly relativistically at $v_{\rm app}/c=0.51\pm0.17$ associated with the initial radio flare. The observations indicate radial jet motions for the first time in M81*. This has profound implications for jet production, as it means radial motion can be observed in even the lowest-luminosity AGN, but at slower velocities and smaller radial extents ($\approx10^4\ R_{\rm G}$).

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2016

The Intermediate Luminosity Optical Transient SN 2010da: The Progenitor, Eruption and Aftermath of a Peculiar Supergiant High-mass X-ray Binary

We present optical spectroscopy, ultraviolet to infrared imaging and X-ray observations of the intermediate luminosity optical transient (ILOT) SN 2010da in NGC 300 (d=1.86 Mpc) spanning from -6 to +6 years relative to the time of outburst in 2010. Based on the light curve and multi-epoch SEDs of SN 2010da, we conclude that the progenitor of SN 2010da is a ~10-12 Msol yellow supergiant possibly transitioning into a blue loop phase. During outburst, SN 2010da had a peak absolute magnitude of M<-10.4 mag, dimmer than other ILOTs and supernova impostors. We detect multi-component hydrogen Balmer, Paschen, and Ca II emission lines in our high-resolution spectra, which indicate a dusty and complex circumstellar environment. Since the 2010 eruption, the star has brightened by a factor of ~5 and remains highly variable in the optical. Furthermore, we detect SN 2010da in archival Swift and Chandra observations as an ultraluminous X-ray source (L~6x10^{39} erg/s). We additionally attribute He II 4686 Angstrom and coronal Fe emission lines in addition to a steady X-ray luminosity of ~10^{37} erg/s to the presence of a compact companion.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2015

A Dynamical Study of the Black Hole X-ray Binary Nova Muscae 1991

We present a dynamical study of the Galactic black hole binary system Nova Muscae 1991 (GS/GRS 1124-683). We utilize 72 high resolution Magellan Echellette (MagE) spectra and 72 strictly simultaneous V-band photometric observations; the simultaneity is a unique and crucial feature of this dynamical study. The data were taken on two consecutive nights and cover the full 10.4-hour orbital cycle. The radial velocities of the secondary star are determined by cross-correlating the object spectra with the best-match template spectrum obtained using the same instrument configuration. Based on our independent analysis of five orders of the echellette spectrum, the semi-amplitude of the radial velocity of the secondary is measured to be K_2 = 406.8+/-2.7 km/s, which is consistent with previous work, while the uncertainty is reduced by a factor of 3. The corresponding mass function is f(M) = 3.02+/-0.06 M_\odot. We have also obtained an accurate measurement of the rotational broadening of the stellar absorption lines (v sin i = 85.0+/-2.6 km/s) and hence the mass ratio of the system q = 0.079+/-0.007. Finally, we have measured the spectrum of the non-stellar component of emission that veils the spectrum of the secondary. In a future paper, we will use our veiling-corrected spectrum of the secondary and accurate values of K_2 and q to model multi-color light curves and determine the systemic inclination and the mass of the black hole.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2015

Flows of X-ray gas reveal the disruption of a star by a massive black hole

Tidal forces close to massive black holes can violently disrupt stars that make a close approach. These extreme events are discovered via bright X-ray and optical/UV flares in galactic centers. Prior studies based on modeling decaying flux trends have been able to estimate broad properties, such as the mass accretion rate. Here we report the detection of flows of highly ionized X-ray gas in high-resolution X-ray spectra of a nearby tidal disruption event. Variability within the absorption-dominated spectra indicates that the gas is relatively close to the black hole. Narrow line widths indicate that the gas does not stretch over a large range of radii, giving a low volume filling factor. Modest outflow speeds of a few hundred kilometers per second are observed, significantly below the escape speed from the radius set by variability. The gas flow is consistent with a rotating wind from the inner, super-Eddington region of a nascent accretion disk, or with a filament of disrupted stellar gas near to the apocenter of an elliptical orbit. Flows of this sort are predicted by fundamental analytical theory and more recent numerical simulations.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2015

High Resolution Chandra HETG spectroscopy of V404 Cygni in Outburst

As one of the best-characterized stellar-mass black holes, with good measurements of its mass, distance and inclination, V404 Cyg is the ideal candidate to study Eddington-limited accretion episodes. After a long quiescent period, V404 Cyg underwent a new outburst in June 2015. We obtained two Chandra HETG exposures of 20 ksec and 25 ksec. Many strong emission lines are observed; the ratio of Si He-like triplet lines gives an estimate for the formation region distance of $4\times10^{11}$ cm, while the higher ionization Fe XXV He-like triplet gives an estimate of $7\times10^9$ cm. A narrow Fe K$α$ line is detected with an equivalent width greater than 1 keV in many epochs, signaling that we do not directly observe the central engine. Obscuration of the central engine and strong narrow emission lines signal that the outer disk may be illuminated, and its structure may help to drive the strong variability observed in V404 Cyg. In the highest flux phases, strong P-Cygni profiles consistent with a strong disk wind are observed. The kinetic power of this wind may be extremely high.

astro-ph.HE↗