Mark Wang | Searcharxiv

arXiv2026

Markets of Minds: A 51-Billion-State Economy of Intelligence

When intelligence is shared, reasoning becomes a constrained allocation problem. In a population of agents with limited access to expert models, an intervention can benefit its recipient yet still be a poor use of shared capacity if another feasible intervention has greater expected value. Assistance must therefore be evaluated through both its marginal benefit and the opportunity cost induced by budgets, access, scarcity, and service capacity. To this end, we introduce Markets of Minds, a framework for allocating expert reasoning across agents before expert outputs are observed. For each feasible agent-service pair, the framework estimates the expected gain from assistance relative to the agent's default continuation, explicitly separating repair benefit from regression risk, and jointly clears assistance contracts under shared resource constraints. We then study this problem in a dependency-aware agent economy with 51.2 billion addressable persona-market states spanning capabilities, cognitive budgets, provider access, scarcity, and network roles. These dependencies couple allocation feasibility across agents rather than the outcome of a fixed contract. Empirically, in a matched replay of 240 cases under a common 30% assistance quota, the frozen allocator reaches 85.42% task-level persona adherence versus 73.86% for equal-capacity random allocation, a gain of 11.56 percentage points. The results show that assistance value is heterogeneous and can be negative, and that scarcity changes which interventions are worth purchasing. Together, these findings motivate a population-level view of intelligence where the value of assistance depends not only on what it can achieve, but also on which alternative uses of scarce cognitive capacity it displaces.

cs.MA↗

arXiv2026

Schema for In-Context Learning

In-Context Learning (ICL) enables transformer-based language models to adapt to new tasks by conditioning on demonstration examples. However, traditional example-driven in-context learning lacks explicit modules for knowledge retrieval and transfer at the abstraction level. Inspired by cognitive science, specifically schema theory, which holds that humans interpret new information by activating pre-existing mental frameworks (schemas) to structure understanding, we introduce Schema-Activated In-Context Learning (SA-ICL). This framework extracts the representation of the building blocks of cognition for the reasoning process instilled from prior examples, creating an abstracted schema, a lightweight, structured template of key inferential steps and their relationships, which is then used to augment a model's reasoning process when presented with a novel question. We demonstrate that a broad range of large language models (LLMs) lack the capacity to form and utilize internal schema-based learning representations implicitly, but instead benefit significantly from explicit schema-based scaffolding. Across chemistry and physics questions from the GPQA dataset, our experiments show that SA-ICL consistently boosts performance, up to 36.19 percent, when the single demonstration example is of high quality, which simultaneously reduces reliance on the number of demonstrations and enhances interpretability. Schema-Activated In-Context Learning not only bridges disparate ICL strategies ranging from pattern priming to Chain-of-Thought prompting, but also paves a new path for enhancing human-like reasoning in LLMs.

cs.CL↗