arXiv subjects

Martin Breidenbach

Publications and source records attributed to Martin Breidenbach.

14 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Low Level RF and Timing System Design for the Cool Copper Collider

The Cool Copper Collider (C3) is a linear accelerator (LINAC) concept based on compact, high gradient, and normal conducting accelerator technology to support Higgs boson studies at 250 GeV and 550 GeV center of mass. The C3 accelerator is ten kilometers in scale and consist of 2,200 RF stations for 550 GeV center of mass. To maintain the stringent beam quality required by the collider across the LINACs, each of the cavities has a dedicated low-level RF (LLRF) system to stabilize the phase and amplitude of the field in the cavities from pulse to pulse and to compensate the fluctuation of the RF field within each pulse introduced by the beam loading process. To meet the design goals of being compact and affordable for future accelerators, we have designed the next generation LLRF (NG-LLRF) with a higher integration level based on radio frequency system-on-chip (RFSoC) technology. The NG-LLRF system samples RF signals directly and performs RF mixing digitally. The NG-LLRF has been characterized in loopback mode to evaluate the performance of the system and has also been tested with a standing-wave accelerating structure, a prototype structure for the C3 with peak RF power level up to 16.45 MW. This paper will focus on introducing the LLRF system design and timing system for C3 and the current NG-LLRF design. The high-power test results at different stages of the test setup with several pulse modulation schemes, including square pulse, pulse with phase reversals, and pulse trains, will be summarized, analyzed, and discussed.

physics.acc-ph↗

arXiv2025

High Power RF Pulse Shaping Tests with NG-LLRF and Cool Copper Collider Prototype Structure

RF pulse modulation techniques are widely applied to shape RF pulses for various types of RF stations of particle accelerators. The amplitude and phase modulations are typically implemented with additional RF components that require drive or control electronics. For the RF system-on-chip (RFSoC) based next generation LLRF (NG-LLRF) platform, which we have developed in the last several years, RF modulation and demodulation are fully implemented in the digital domain. Therefore, arbitrary RF pulse shaping can be realized without any additional analogue components. We performed a range of high-power experiments with the NG-LLRF and a prototype Cool Copper Collider (C3) structure. In this paper, the RF field measured at different stages with different pulse shapes and peak power levels up to 5.4 MW and pulse width about 1 microsecond will be demonstrated and analyzed. The high precision pulse shaping schemes of the NG-LLRF can be applied to realize the phase modulation for a linear accelerator injector, the phase reversal for a pulse compressor, or the modulation required to compensate for the beam loading effect.

physics.acc-ph↗

arXiv2025

ESPPU INPUT: C$^3$ within the "Linear Collider Vision"

The Linear Collider Vision calls for a Linear Collider Facility with a physics reach from a Higgs Factory to the TeV-scale with $e^+e^{-}$ collisions. One of the technologies under consideration for the accelerator is a cold-copper distributed-coupling linac capable of achieving high gradient. This technology is being pursued by the C$^3$ collaboration to understand its applicability to future colliders and broader scientific applications. In this input we share the baseline parameters for a C$^3$ Higgs-factory and the energy reach of up to 3 TeV in the 33 km tunnel foreseen under the Linear Collider Vision. Recent results, near-term plans and future R\&D needs are highlighted.

physics.acc-ph↗

arXiv2023

Sustainability Strategy for the Cool Copper Collider

The particle physics community has agreed that an electron-positron collider is the next step for continued progress in this field, giving a unique opportunity for a detailed study of the Higgs boson. Several proposals are currently under evaluation of the international community. Any large particle accelerator will be an energy consumer and so, today, we must be concerned about its impact on the environment. This paper evaluates the carbon impact of the construction and operations of one of these Higgs factory proposals, the Cool Copper Collider. It introduces several strategies to lower the carbon impact of the accelerator. It proposes a metric to compare the carbon costs of Higgs factories, balancing physics reach, energy needs, and carbon footprint for both construction and operations, and compares the various Higgs factory proposals within this framework. For the Cool Copper Collider, the compact 8 km footprint and the possibility for cut-and-cover construction greatly reduce the dominant contribution from embodied carbon.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2023

The alignment of the C3 Accelerator Structures with the Rasnik alignment system

The Rasnik 3-point alignment system, now widely applied in particle physics experiments and in the instrumentation of gravitational wave experiments, can be used as N-point alignment system by daisy chain N individual 3-point systems. The conceptual implementation of Rasnik chains in C3 is presented. The proper operation of a laser diode and a CMOS image sensor in liquid nitrogen has been verified. Next plans for testing a small but complete system, immersed in liquid nitrogen, are presented.

physics.acc-ph↗

arXiv2022

C$^3$ Demonstration Research and Development Plan

C$^3$ is an opportunity to realize an e$^+$e$^-$ collider for the study of the Higgs boson at $\sqrt{s} = 250$ GeV, with a well defined upgrade path to 550 GeV while staying on the same short facility footprint. C$^3$ is based on a fundamentally new approach to normal conducting linear accelerators that achieves both high gradient and high efficiency at relatively low cost. Given the advanced state of linear collider designs, the key system that requires technical maturation for C$^3$ is the main linac. This white paper presents the staged approach towards a facility to demonstrate C$^3$ technology with both Direct (source and main linac) and Parallel (beam delivery, damping ring, ancillary component) R&D. The white paper also includes discussion on the approach for technology industrialization, related HEP R&D activities that are enabled by C$^3$ R&D, infrastructure requirements and siting options.

physics.acc-ph↗

arXiv2022

Strategy for Understanding the Higgs Physics: The Cool Copper Collider

A program to build a lepton-collider Higgs factory, to precisely measure the couplings of the Higgs boson to other particles, followed by a higher energy run to establish the Higgs self-coupling and expand the new physics reach, is widely recognized as a primary focus of modern particle physics. We propose a strategy that focuses on a new technology and preliminary estimates suggest that can lead to a compact, affordable machine. New technology investigations will provide much needed enthusiasm for our field, resulting in trained workforce. This cost-effective, compact design, with technologies useful for a broad range of other accelerator applications, could be realized as a project in the US. Its technology innovations, both in the accelerator and the detector, will offer unique and exciting opportunities to young scientists. Moreover, cost effective compact designs, broadly applicable to other fields of research, are more likely to obtain financial support from our funding agencies.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2022

Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors on CMOS technologies

Collider detectors have taken advantage of the resolution and accuracy of silicon detectors for at least four decades. Future colliders will need large areas of silicon sensors for low mass trackers and sampling calorimetry. Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS), in which Si diodes and readout circuitry are combined in the same pixels, and can be fabricated in some of standard CMOS processes, are a promising technology for high-granularity and light detectors. In this paper we review 1) the requirements on MAPS for trackers and electromagnetic calorimeters (ECal) at future colliders experiments, 2) the ongoing efforts towards dedicated MAPS for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) at BNL, for which the EIC Silicon Consortium was already instantiated, and 3) space-born applications for MeV $γ$-ray experiments with MAPS based trackers (AstroPix).

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2021

C$^3$: A "Cool" Route to the Higgs Boson and Beyond

We present a proposal for a cold copper distributed coupling accelerator that can provide a rapid route to precision Higgs physics with a compact 8 km footprint. This proposal is based on recent advances that increase the efficiency and operating gradient of a normal conducting accelerator. This technology also provides an $e^{+}e^{-}$ collider path to physics at multi-TeV energies. In this article, we describe our vision for this technology and the near-term R&D program needed to pursue it.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2021

Lycoris -- a large-area, high resolution beam telescope

A high-resolution beam telescope is one of the most important and demanding infrastructure components at any test beam facility. Its main purpose is to provide reference particle tracks from the incoming test beam particles to the test beam users, which allows measurement of the performance of the device-under-test (DUT). \LYCORIS, a six-plane compact beam telescope with an active area of $\sim$10$\times$\SI{10}{\square\centi\metre} (extensible to 10$\times$\SI{20}{\square\centi\metre}) was installed at the \DIITBF in 2019, to provide a precise momentum measurement in a \SI{1}{\tesla} solenoid magnet or to provide tracking over a large area. The overall design of \LYCORIS will be described as well as the performance of the chosen silicon sensor. The \SI{25}{\micro\metre} pitch micro-strip sensor used for \LYCORIS was originally designed for the \SID detector concept for the International Linear Collider. It adopts a second metallization layer to route signals from strips to the bump-bonded \KPIX ASIC and uses a wire-bonded flex cable for the connection to the DAQ and the power supply system. This arrangement eliminates the need for a dedicated hybrid PCB. Its performance was tested for the first time in this project. The system has been evaluated at the \DIITBF in several test-beam campaigns and has demonstrated an average single-point resolution of \SI{7.07}{\micro\meter}.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2020

Experimental demonstration of particle acceleration with normal conducting accelerating structure at cryogenic temperature

Reducing the operating temperature of normal conducting particle accelerators substantially increases their efficiency. Low-temperature operation increases the yield strength of the accelerator material and reduces surface resistance, hence a great reduction in cyclic fatigue could be achieved resulting in a large reduction in breakdown rates compared to room-temperature operation. Furthermore, temperature reduction increases the intrinsic quality factor of the accelerating cavities, and consequently, the shunt impedance leading to increased system efficiency and beam loading capabilities. In this paper, we present an experimental demonstration of the high-gradient operation of an X-band, 11.424 GHz, 20-cells linear accelerator (linac) operating at a liquid nitrogen temperature of 77 K. The tested linac was previously processed and tested at room temperature. We verified the enhanced accelerating parameters of the tested accelerator at cryogenic temperature using different measurements including electron beam acceleration up to a gradient of 150 MV/m, corresponding to a peak surface electric field of 375 MV/m. We also measured the breakdown rates in the tested structure showing a reduction of two orders of magnitude, x100, compared to their values at room temperature for the same accelerating gradient.

physics.acc-ph↗

arXiv2019

An Advanced NCRF Linac Concept for a High Energy e$^+$e$^-$ Linear Collider

We have explored a concept for an advanced Normal-Conducting Radio-Frequency (NCRF) C-band linear accelerator (linac) structure to achieve a high gradient, high power e$^+$e$^-$ linear collider in the TeV class. This design study represents the first comprehensive investigation for an emerging class of distributed coupling accelerator topology exploring nominal cavity geometries, frequency and temperature of operation. The structure features internal manifolds for distributing RF power separately to each cell, permitting the full structure geometry to be designed for high shunt impedance and low breakdown. Optimized within operational constraints, we find that it is advantageous for the structure to be cooled directly by liquid nitrogen (LN), further increasing the shunt impedance. A crucial part of this design process has been cost optimization, which is largely driven by the cost of peak RF power. The first operation of a distributed coupling structure at cryogenic temperatures and the nominal operating gradient 120 MeV/m is also presented, demonstrating the feasibility of achieving high-gradient performance with a cryogenically-cooled normal-conducting accelerating structure.

physics.acc-ph↗

arXiv2019

The International Linear Collider. A Global Project

A large, world-wide community of physicists is working to realise an exceptional physics program of energy-frontier, electron-positron collisions with the International Linear Collider (ILC). This program will begin with a central focus on high-precision and model-independent measurements of the Higgs boson couplings. This method of searching for new physics beyond the Standard Model is orthogonal to and complements the LHC physics program. The ILC at 250 GeV will also search for direct new physics in exotic Higgs decays and in pair-production of weakly interacting particles. Polarised electron and positron beams add unique opportunities to the physics reach. The ILC can be upgraded to higher energy, enabling precision studies of the top quark and measurement of the top Yukawa coupling and the Higgs self-coupling. The key accelerator technology, superconducting radio-frequency cavities, has matured. Optimised collider and detector designs, and associated physics analyses, were presented in the ILC Technical Design Report, signed by 2400 scientists. There is a strong interest in Japan to host this international effort. A detailed review of the many aspects of the project is nearing a conclusion in Japan. Now the Japanese government is preparing for a decision on the next phase of international negotiations, that could lead to a project start within a few years. The potential timeline of the ILC project includes an initial phase of about 4 years to obtain international agreements, complete engineering design and prepare construction, and form the requisite international collaboration, followed by a construction phase of 9 years.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2017

An RF-only ion-funnel for extraction from high-pressure gases

An RF ion-funnel technique has been developed to extract ions from a high-pressure (10 bar) noble-gas environment into vacuum ($10^{-6}$ mbar). Detailed simulations have been performed and a prototype has been developed for the purpose of extracting $^{136}$Ba ions from Xe gas with high efficiency. With this prototype, ions have been extracted for the first time from high-pressure xenon gas and argon gas. Systematic studies have been carried out and compared to the simulations. This demonstration of extraction of ions with mass comparable to that of the gas generating the high-pressure into vacuum has applications to Ba tagging from a Xe-gas time-projection chamber (TPC) for double beta decay as well as to the general problem of recovering trace amounts of an ionized element in a heavy (m$>40$ u) carrier gas.

physics.ins-det↗