arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Martin Kružík.
The equations of linearized viscoelastodynamics in Kelvin-Voigt rheology are rigorously derived from a nonlinear model that satisfies the time-dependent frame indifference in the sense of Antman. Besides showing the convergence of corresponding solutions of both systems, we also prove the convergence of time-discrete solutions on various scales and of continuous solutions of nonlinear problems to linearized ones.
We rigorously derive a dynamic membrane theory for nonlinear viscoelastic solids with Kelvin-Voigt rheology from the corresponding three-dimensional bulk theory, in the limit of vanishing thickness. The bulk model accounts for inertia, a nonsimple elastic energy depending on the second deformation gradient, and a frame-indifferent dissipation. Orientation preservation is ensured by the energy, while self-interpenetration of the limiting membrane is prevented by a uniform averaged invertibility condition. Our analysis relies on a hyperbolic minimizing movements scheme with two time-scales, which recasts the evolution into a hierarchy of incremental, sequential, and time-delayed problems. For fixed thickness, we prove the existence of solutions to the scheme and their convergence to a weak solution of the continuous-time problem as the time-scales vanish. We then identify the membrane limit at each level of the hierarchy, proving the $Γ$-convergence of the incremental functionals and the convergence of solutions to the sequential and time-delayed problems. Since the constant in the Korn inequality is not uniform in the thickness, these limits rely on estimates for the time derivative of the Cauchy-Green tensor rather than for the velocity gradient. Finally, as the outer time-scale vanishes, the membrane time-delayed solutions converge to a measure-valued solution of the membrane continuous-time problem.
In nonlinear elasticity, finding the deformation of a material which minimizes a given stored energy density is a challenging calculus of variations problem which may fail to have minimizers: the energy optimal material forms infinitely fine microstructures (wrinkles) rather than deforming smoothly. In the case where the energy function is non-convex but frame indifferent and convex with respect to the Cauchy-Green strain tensor, we use the standard Le Dret-Raoult semidefinite projection formula for the quasiconvex envelope of the energy function together with a recent no gap result for convex calculus of variation problems to prove that there is no relaxation gap between the original non-convex calculus of variations problem and its linear moment formulation based on occupation measures. This implies convergence of the Lasserre moment-sum-of-squares (SOS) hierarchy and provides a computationally efficient, mesh-free numerical method that, unlike the finite element method, avoids undesirable mesh-dependent artifacts. Under the additional condition that the boundary condition is linear and the function is SOS convex in the strain tensor, we show that the first relaxation of the Lasserre hierarchy is exact. In other words, computing the quasiconvex envelope at a point boils down to solving a small convex semidefinite optimization problem.
The polyconvex envelope, used in the calculus of variations and elasticity theory, was expressed by Dacorogna pointwise as a linear program on finitely atomic measures on the space of $m\times n$ matrices. Weizsäcker and Winkler proved that the corresponding linear program on Borel measures restricts to the extreme points without increasing the infimum. Combining the two, one obtains a speed-up of grid-based algorithms and a new proof that the polyconvex envelope can be computed by the moment sum-of-squares hierarchy. Motivated by these applications, we seize the essence of extreme points in moment problems. First, we characterize extreme points of an affinely constrained convex set by the injectivity of the constraint map on the smallest faces containing them. We then study finitely many moment constraints. The extreme points are finitely atomic measures that have an affine independence property, under natural assumptions. We retrieve this known result with a simplified proof and apply it to faces of the probability simplex, among them the face of Radon measures. In the converse, we find that the assumption of a simplex is redundant. The Richter-Tchakaloff theorem allows us to show that the infimum of an integral functional restricts to the extreme points without increasing the infimum, not just for the known case of Radon measures but for any convex set of probability measures that contains the point measures.
We consider a quasi-static nonlinear model in thermoviscoelasticity at a finite-strain setting in the Kelvin-Voigt rheology where both the elastic and viscous stress tensors comply with the principle of frame indifference under rotations. We refine the discretization schemes in [Badal-Friedrich-Kružík '23, Mielke-Roub\'ıček '20] by imposing frame indifference already at a time-discrete level. This is justified both analytically and numerically.
We investigate several instances of the Hadamard inequality in the mean in two dimensions. As a consequence, we prove the uniqueness of minimizers of an integral functional with a polyconvex integrand, subject to mixed Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. The theoretical findings are complemented by computational experiments that illustrate the behavior of the minimizers.
We consider the numerical approximation of a nonlinear system of partial differential equations modeling magnetostriction in the small-strain regime consisting of the Landau--Lifshitz--Gilbert equation for the magnetization and the conservation of linear momentum law for the displacement. We propose a fully discrete numerical scheme based on first-order finite elements for the spatial discretization. The time discretization employs a combination of the classical Newmark-$β$ scheme for the displacement and the midpoint scheme for the magnetization, applied in a decoupled fashion. The resulting method is fully linear and formally of second order in time. We derive the discrete energy law satisfied by the approximations and prove the stability of the scheme. Finally, we assess the performance of the proposed method in a collection of numerical experiments.
Soft solids with surface energy exhibit complex mechanical behavior, necessitating advanced constitutive models to capture the interplay between bulk and surface mechanics. This interplay has profound implications for material design and emerging technologies. In this work, we set up variational models for bulk-surface elasticity and explore a novel class of surface-polyconvex constitutive models that account for surface energy while ensuring the existence of minimizers. These models are implemented within a finite element framework and validated through benchmark problems and applications, including, e.g., the liquid bridge problem and the Rayleigh-Plateau instability, for which the surface energy plays the dominant role. The results demonstrate the ability of surface-polyconvex models to accurately capture surface-driven phenomena, establishing them as a powerful tool for advancing the mechanics of soft materials in both engineering and biological applications.
We study the dimensional reduction from three to two dimensions in hyperelastic materials subject to a live load, modeled as a constant pressure force. Our results demonstrate that this loading has a significant impact in higher-order scaling regimes, namely those associated with von Kármán-type theories, where a nontrivial interplay arises between the elastic energy and the pressure term. In contrast, we rigorously show that in lower-order bending regimes, as described by Kirchhoff-type theories, the pressure load does not influence the minimizers. Finally, after identifying the corresponding $Γ$-limit, we conjecture that a similar independence from the pressure term persists in the most flexible membrane regimes.
We investigate polyconvexity of the double well function $f(X)\,:= |X-X\_1|^2|X-X\_2|^2$ for given matrices $X\_1, X\_2 \in \R^{n \times n}$. Such functions are fundamental in the modeling of phase transitions in materials, but their non-convex nature presents challenges for the analysis of variational problems. Polyconvexity of $f$ is related to the singular values of the matrix difference $X\_1 - X\_2$. We prove that $f$ is polyconvex if and only if the square of the largest singular value does not exceed the sum of the squares of the other singular values. This condition allows the function to be decomposed into the sum of a strictly convex part and a null Lagrangean. As a direct application of this result, we prove an existence and uniqueness theorem for the corresponding Dirichlet minimization problem of the integral functional.
The behaviour of the moment-sums-of-squares (moment-SOS) hierarchy for polynomial optimal control problems on compact sets has been explored to a large extent. Our contribution focuses on the case of non-compact control sets. We describe a new approach to optimal control problems with unbounded controls, using compactification by partial homogenization, leading to an equivalent infinite dimensional linear program with compactly supported measures. Our results are closely related to the results of a previous approach using DiPerna-Majda measures. However, our work provides a sound proof of the absence of relaxation gap, which was conjectured in the previous work, and thereby enables the design of a moment-sum-of-squares relaxation with guaranteed convergence.
We investigate a homogenization problem for a linearly elastic magnetic material that incorporates elastically rigid magnetic inclusions firmly bonded to the matrix. By considering a periodic arrangement of this material, we identify an effective magnetoelastic energy, obtained by homogenization when the period approaches zero. For comparison, we also briefly discuss alternative, essentially equivalent magnetic models naturally linked by a Legendre-Fenchel transform of magnetic energy density where the elastic deformation enters as a parameter.
Let $\mathbb{D}(u)$ be the Dirichlet energy of a map $u$ belonging to the Sobolev space $H^1_{u_0}(Ω;\mathbb{R}^2)$ and let $A$ be a subclass of $H^1_{u_0}(Ω;\mathbb{R}^2)$ whose members are subject to the constraint $\det \nabla u = g$ a.e. for a given $g$, together with some boundary data $u_0$. We develop a technique that, when applicable, enables us to characterize the global minimizer of $\mathbb{D}(u)$ in $A$ as the unique global minimizer of the associated functional $F(u):=\mathbb{D}(u)+ \int_Ω f(x) \, \det \nabla u(x) \, dx$ in the free class $H^1_{u_0}(Ω;\mathbb{R}^2)$. A key ingredient is the mean coercivity of $F(φ)$ on $H^1_0(Ω;\mathbb{R}^2)$, which condition holds provided the `pressure' $f \in L^{\infty}(Ω)$ is `tuned' according to the procedure set out in \cite{BKV23}. The explicit examples to which our technique applies can be interpreted as solving the sort of constrained minimization problem that typically arises in incompressible nonlinear elasticity theory.
We propose models in nonlinear elasticity for nonsimple materials that include surface energy terms. Additionally, we also discuss living surface loads on the boundary. We establish corresponding linearized models and show their relationship to the original ones by means of $Γ$-convergence.
Ensuring non-interpenetration of matter is a fundamental prerequisite when modeling the deformation response of solid materials. In this contribution, we thoroughly examine how this requirement, equivalent to the injectivity of deformations within bulk structures, manifests itself in dimensional-reduction problems. Specifically, we focus on the case of rods embedded in a two-dimensional plane. Our results focus on $Γ$-limits of energy functionals that enforce an admissible deformation to be a homeomorphism. These $Γ$-limits are evaluated along a passage from the bulk configuration to the rod arrangement. The proofs rely on the equivalence between the weak and strong closures of the set of homeomorphisms from $\mathbb{R}$ to $\mathbb{R}^2$, a result that is of independent interest and that we establish in this paper, too.
Starting from a model of nonlinear magnetoelasticity where magnetization is defined in the Eulerian configuration while elastic deformation is in the Lagrangean one, we rigorously derive a linearized model that coincides with the standard one that already appeared in the literature, see, e.g., DeSimone \& James (2002) and where the zero-stress strain is quadratic in the magnetization. The relation of the nonlinear and linear model is stated in terms of the $Γ$-convergence and convergence of minimizers.
According to the Nernst theorem or, equivalently, the third law of thermodynamics, the absolute zero temperature is not attainable. Starting with an initial positive temperature, we show that there exist solutions to a Kelvin-Voigt model for quasi-static nonlinear thermoviscoelasticity at a finite-strain setting [Mielke-Roubíček '20], obeying an exponential-in-time lower bound on the temperature. Afterwards, we focus on the case of deformations near the identity and temperatures near a critical positive temperature, and we show that weak solutions of the nonlinear system converge in a suitable sense to solutions of a system in linearized thermoviscoelasticity. Our result extends the recent linearization result in [Badal-Friedrich-Kružík '23], as it allows the critical temperature to be positive.
Let $Q$ be a Lipschitz domain in $\mathbb{R}^n$ and let $f \in L^{\infty}(Q)$. We investigate conditions under which the functional $$I_n(φ)=\int_Q |\nabla φ|^n+ f(x)\,\mathrm{det} \nabla φ\, \mathrm{d}x $$ obeys $I_n \geq 0$ for all $φ\in W_0^{1,n}(Q,\mathbb{R}^n)$, an inequality that we refer to as Hadamard-in-the-mean, or (HIM). We prove that there are piecewise constant $f$ such that (HIM) holds and is strictly stronger than the best possible inequality that can be derived using the Hadamard inequality $n^{\frac{n}{2}}|\det A|\leq |A|^n$ alone. When $f$ takes just two values, we find that (HIM) holds if and only if the variation of $f$ in $Q$ is at most $2n^{\frac{n}{2}}$. For more general $f$, we show that (i) it is both the geometry of the `jump sets' as well as the sizes of the `jumps' that determine whether (HIM) holds and (ii) the variation of $f$ can be made to exceed $2n^{\frac{n}{2}}$, provided $f$ is suitably chosen. Specifically, in the planar case $n=2$ we divide $Q$ into three regions $\{f=0\}$ and $\{f=\pm c\}$, and prove that as long as $\{f=0\}$ `insulates' $\{f= c\}$ from $\{f= -c\}$ sufficiently, there is $c>2$ such that (HIM) holds. Perhaps surprisingly, (HIM) can hold even when the insulation region $\{f=0\}$ enables the sets $\{f=\pm c\}$ to meet in a point. As part of our analysis, and in the spirit of the work of Mielke and Sprenger (1998), we give new examples of functions that are quasiconvex at the boundary.