arXiv subjects

Marvin Holten

Publications and source records attributed to Marvin Holten.

9 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Programmable cavity QED with a fiber-integrated atomic array

Strong atom-photon interactions in optical cavities are a key resource for quantum information processing, quantum networking, and the exploration of quantum optical effects. Optical tweezer arrays offer scalable, site-resolved control of neutral atoms, but their integration with high-cooperativity cavity QED systems remains challenging. Here we combine a twelve-site $^{87}$Rb optical tweezer array with a high-cooperativity fiber Fabry-Pérot microcavity. The array is positioned within the cavity mode and individual sites are controlled with subwavelength precision, enabling continuous tuning of the single-atom coupling strength via deterministic displacement through the standing-wave field. For up to five atoms coupled to the cavity, we measure collectively enhanced vacuum Rabi splitting and implement cavity-based non-destructive readout of the number of coupled atoms. These results establish a scalable architecture for cavity-mediated entanglement generation and many-body cavity QED with single-atom control, and they lay the foundation for fiber-integrated quantum network nodes.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2025

High-Speed NV Ensemble Magnetic Field Imaging via Laser Raster Scanning

We present a technique that uses an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond to image magnetic fields with high spatio-temporal resolution and sensitivity. A focused laser beam is raster-scanned using an acousto-optic deflector (AOD) and NV center fluorescence is read out with a single photodetector, enabling low-noise detection with high dynamic range. The method operates in a previously unexplored regime, quasi-continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance (qCW-ODMR). In this regime, NV centers experience short optical pump pulses for spin readout and repolarization -- analogous to pulsed ODMR -- while the microwave field continuously drives the spin transitions. We systematically characterize this regime and show that the spin response is governed by a tunable interplay between coherent evolution and relaxation, determined by the temporal spacing between pump laser pulses. Notably, the technique does not require precise microwave pulse control, thus simplifying experimental implementation. To demonstrate its capabilities, we image time-varying magnetic fields from a microwire with sub-millisecond temporal resolution. This approach enables flexible spatial sampling and, with our diamond, achieves $\text{nT}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$-level per-pixel sensitivity, making it well suited for detecting weak, dynamic magnetic fields in biological and other complex systems.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2025

Emergent interaction-driven elliptic flow of few fermionic atoms

Hydrodynamics provides a successful framework to effectively describe the dynamics of complex many-body systems ranging from subnuclear to cosmological scales by introducing macroscopic quantities such as particle densities and fluid velocities. According to textbook knowledge, it requires coarse graining over microscopic constituents to define a macroscopic fluid cell, which is large compared to the interparticle spacing and the mean free path. In addition, the entire system must consist of many such fluid cells. In high energy heavy ion collisions, hydrodynamic behaviour is inferred from the observation of elliptic flow. Here, we demonstrate the emergence of elliptic flow in a system of few strongly interacting atoms. In our system a hydrodynamic description is a priori not applicable, as all relevant length scales, i.e. the system size, the inter-particle spacing, and the mean free path are comparable. The single particle resolution, deterministic control over particle number and interaction strength in our experiment allow us to explore the boundaries between a microscopic description and a hydrodynamic framework in unprecedented detail.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2022

Observation of Cooper Pairs in a Mesoscopic 2D Fermi Gas

Pairing is the fundamental requirement for fermionic superfluidity and superconductivity. To understand the mechanism behind pair formation is an ongoing challenge in the study of many strongly correlated fermionic systems. Cooper pairs are the key ingredient to BCS theory as the microscopic explanation of conventional superconductivity. They form between particles of opposite spin and momentum at the Fermi surface of the system. Here, we directly observe Cooper pairs in a mesoscopic two-dimensional Fermi gas. We apply an imaging scheme that enables us to extract the full in-situ momentum distribution of a strongly interacting Fermi gas with single particle and spin resolution. Our ultracold gas allows us to freely tune between a completely non-interacting, unpaired system and weak attractions, where we find Cooper pair correlations at the Fermi surface. When increasing the attractive interactions even further, the pairs gradually turn into deeply bound molecules breaking up the Fermi surface. Our mesoscopic system is closely related to the physics of nuclei, superconducting grains or quantum dots. With the precise control over interactions, particle number and potential landscape in our experiment, the observables we establish in this work provide a new approach to longstanding questions concerning not only such mesoscopic systems but also their connection to the macroscopic world.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2020

Observation of Pauli Crystals

The Pauli exclusion principle is a fundamental law underpinning the structure of matter. Due to their anti-symmetric wave function, no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state. Here, we report on the direct observation of the Pauli principle in a continuous system of up to six particles in the ground state of a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator. To this end, we sample the full many-body wavefunction by applying a single atom resolved imaging scheme in momentum space. We find so-called Pauli crystals as a manifestation of higher order correlations. In contrast to true crystalline phases, these unique high-order density correlations emerge even without any interactions present. Our work lays the foundation for future studies of correlations in strongly interacting systems of many fermions.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2020

Observing the emergence of a quantum phase transition -- shell by shell

Many-body physics describes phenomena which cannot be understood looking at a systems' constituents alone. Striking manifestations are broken symmetry, phase transitions, and collective excitations. Understanding how such collective behaviour emerges when assembling a system from individual particles has been a vision in atomic, nuclear, and solid-state physics for decades. Here, we observe the few-body precursor of a quantum phase transition from a normal to a superfluid phase. The transition is signalled by the softening of the mode associated with amplitude vibrations of the order parameter, commonly referred to as a Higgs mode. We achieve exquisite control over ultracold fermions confined to two-dimensional harmonic potentials and prepare closed-shell configurations of 2, 6 and 12 fermionic atoms in the ground state with high fidelity. Spectroscopy is then performed on our mesoscopic system while tuning the pair energy from zero to being larger than the shell spacing. Using full atom counting statistics, we find the lowest resonance to consist of coherently excited pairs only. The distinct non-monotonic interaction dependence of this many-body excitation as well as comparison with numerical calculations allows us to identify it as the precursor of the Higgs mode. Our atomic simulator opens new pathways to systematically unravel the emergence of collective phenomena and the thermodynamic limit particle by particle.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2018

Anomalous breaking of scale invariance in a two-dimensional Fermi gas

The frequency of the breathing mode of a classical two dimensional Fermi gas in a harmonic confinement is fixed by the scale invariance of the Hamiltonian. Scale invariance is broken on the quantum mechanical level by introducing the two dimensional scattering length as a regulator. This is an example of a quantum anomaly in the field of ultracold atoms and leads to a shift of the frequency of the collective breathing mode of the cloud. In this work, we study this anomalous frequency shift for a two component Fermi gas in the strongly interacting regime. We measure significant shifts away from the scale invariant result that depend strongly on both interactions and temperature. We find qualitative agreement with theoretical calculations at zero temperature.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2018

Quantum scale anomaly and spatial coherence in a 2D Fermi superfluid

Quantum anomalies are violations of classical scaling symmetries caused by quantum fluctuations. Although they appear prominently in quantum field theory to regularize divergent physical quantities, their influence on experimental observables is difficult to discern. Here, we discovered a striking manifestation of a quantum anomaly in the momentum-space dynamics of a 2D Fermi superfluid of ultracold atoms. We measured the position and pair momentum distribution of the superfluid during a breathing mode cycle for different interaction strengths across the BEC-BCS crossover. Whereas the system exhibits self-similar evolution in the weakly interacting BEC and BCS limits, we found a violation in the strongly interacting regime. The signature of scale-invariance breaking is enhanced in the first-order coherence function. In particular, the power-law exponents that characterize long-range phase correlations in the system are modified due to this effect, indicating that the quantum anomaly has a significant influence on the critical properties of 2D superfluids.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2017

High temperature pairing in a strongly interacting two-dimensional Fermi gas

We observe many-body pairing in a two-dimensional gas of ultracold fermionic atoms at temperatures far above the critical temperature for superfluidity. For this, we use spatially resolved radio-frequency spectroscopy to measure pairing energies spanning a wide range of temperatures and interaction strengths. In the strongly interacting regime where the scattering length between fermions is on the same order as the inter-particle spacing, the pairing energy in the normal phase significantly exceeds the intrinsic two-body binding energy of the system and shows a clear dependence on local density. This implies that pairing in this regime is driven by many-body correlations, rather than two-body physics. We find this effect to persist at temperatures close to the Fermi temperature which demonstrates that pairing correlations in strongly interacting two-dimensional fermionic systems are remarkably robust against thermal fluctuations.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗