The unique capabilities of HST for stellar physics: Probing Atmospheric Structure, Chromospheres, and Mass Loss of Evolved Stars
Evolved stars are among the primary sources of chemical enrichment and dust production in galaxies. During the giant phases, stars return a substantial fraction of their mass to the interstellar medium (ISM) through stellar winds, enriching galaxies with newly synthesized elements and dust. However, the atmospheric structure and physical processes that initiate mass loss remain poorly constrained observationally. Understanding the origin, structure, and evolution of stellar chromospheres remains a long-standing problem in stellar astrophysics. While the mechanisms responsible for chromospheric heating and atmospheric dynamics are not fully understood even in the Sun, they become more complex in evolved stars due to pulsation, shocks, convection, extended atmospheres, and possible magnetic activity. Determining the thermal, density, and velocity structure of these extended atmospheres is therefore essential for understanding atmospheric heating, the onset of mass loss, and the late stages of stellar evolution. High-resolution NUV and FUV spectroscopy (R ~ 30,000-100,000) provided by HST/STIS occupies a unique observational parameter space that cannot be replaced by existing facilities. HST/STIS therefore remains essential for understanding the atmospheric physics and mass-loss processes of evolved stars. We highlight the need to preserve and prioritize high-resolution NUV and FUV spectroscopic capabilities with HST. Such programs would provide essential benchmarks for stellar atmosphere modeling, complement ongoing ALMA and optical observations, and help define future UV-optical capabilities for the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO).