arXiv subjects

Masataka Fukugita

Publications and source records attributed to Masataka Fukugita.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2011

Global amount of dust in the universe

It is pointed out that the total amount of dust in the Universe that is produced in stellar evolution in the entire cosmic time is consistent with the observed amount, if we add to the dust amount inferred for galactic discs the amount recently uncovered in galactic haloes and the surrounding of galaxies in reddening of the quasar light passing through the vicinity of galaxies. The inventory concerning the dust closes. This implies that dust produced from stars should survive effectively for the cosmic time, and that a substantial amount of dust is produced in the burning phase of evolved stars of intermedaite mass.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2010

Characterisation of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stellar Photometry

We study the photometric properties of stars in the data archive of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), the prime aim being to understand the photometric calibration over the entire data set. It is confirmed that the photometric calibration for point sources has been made overall tightly against the SDSS standard stars. We have also confirmed that photometric synthesis of the SDSS spectrophotometric data gives broad band fluxes that agree with broad band photometry with errors no more than 0.04 mag and little tilt along the wide range of colours, verifying that the response functions of the SDSS 2.5 m telescope system are well characterised. We locate stars in the SDSS photometric system, so that stars can roughly be classified into spectral classes from the colour information. We show how metallicity and surface gravity affect colours, and that stars contained in the SDSS general catalogue, plotted in colour space, show the distribution that matches well with what is anticipated from the variations of metallicity and surface gravity. The colour-colour plots are perfectly consistent among the three samples, stars in the SDSS general catalogue, SDSS standard stars and spectrophotometric stars of Gunn & Stryker, especially when some considerations are taken into account of the differences (primarily metallicity) of the samples. We show that the g-r - inverse temperature relation is tight and can be used as a good estimator of the effective temperature of stars over a fairly wide range of effective temperatures. We also confirm that the colours of G2V stars in the SDSS photometric system match well with the Sun.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2010

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Lens Search. IV. Statistical Lens Sample from the Fifth Data Release

We present the second report of our systematic search for strongly lensed quasars from the data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). From extensive follow-up observations of 136 candidate objects, we find 36 lenses in the full sample of 77,429 spectroscopically confirmed quasars in the SDSS Data Release 5. We then define a complete sample of 19 lenses, including 11 from our previous search in the SDSS Data Release 3, from the sample of 36,287 quasars with i<19.1 in the redshift range 0.6<z<2.2, where we require the lenses to have image separations of 1"<θ<20" and i-band magnitude differences between the two images smaller than 1.25 mag. Among the 19 lensed quasars, 3 have quadruple-image configurations, while the remaining 16 show double images. This lens sample constrains the cosmological constant to be Ω_Λ=0.84^{+0.06}_{-0.08}(stat.)^{+0.09}_{-0.07}(syst.) assuming a flat universe, which is in good agreement with other cosmological observations. We also report the discoveries of 7 binary quasars with separations ranging from 1.1" to 16.6", which are identified in the course of our lens survey. This study concludes the construction of our statistical lens sample in the full SDSS-I data set.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2010

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog V. Seventh Data Release

We present the fifth edition of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Quasar Catalog, which is based upon the SDSS Seventh Data Release. The catalog, which contains 105,783 spectroscopically confirmed quasars, represents the conclusion of the SDSS-I and SDSS-II quasar survey. The catalog consists of the SDSS objects that have luminosities larger than M_i = -22.0 (in a cosmology with H_0 = 70 km/s/Mpc Omega_M = 0.3, and Omega_Lambda = 0.7) have at least one emission line with FWHM larger than 1000 km/s or have interesting/complex absorption features, are fainter than i > 15.0 and have highly reliable redshifts. The catalog covers an area of 9380 deg^2. The quasar redshifts range from 0.065 to 5.46, with a median value of 1.49; the catalog includes 1248 quasars at redshifts greater than four, of which 56 are at redshifts greater than five. The catalog contains 9210 quasars with i < 18; slightly over half of the entries have i< 19. For each object the catalog presents positions accurate to better than 0.1" rms per coordinate, five-band (ugriz) CCD-based photometry with typical accuracy of 0.03 mag, and information on the morphology and selection method. The catalog also contains radio, near-infrared, and X-ray emission properties of the quasars, when available, from other large-area surveys. The calibrated digital spectra cover the wavelength region 3800-9200 Ang. at a spectral resolution R = 2000 the spectra can be retrieved from the SDSS public database using the information provided in the catalog. Over 96% of the objects in the catalog were discovered by the SDSS. We also include a supplemental list of an additional 207 quasars with SDSS spectra whose archive photometric information is incomplete.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2010

Photometric Response Functions of the SDSS Imager

The monochromatic illumination system is constructed to carry out in situ measurements of the response function of the mosaicked CCD imager used in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The system is outlined and the results of the measurements, mostly during the first 6 years of the SDSS, are described. We present the reference response functions for the five colour passbands derived from these measurements, and discuss column to column variations and variations in time, and also their effects on photometry. We also discuss the effect arising from various, slightly different response functions of the associated detector systems that were used to give SDSS photometry. We show that the calibration procedures of SDSS remove these variations reasonably well with the resulting final errors from variant response functions being unlikely to be larger than 0.01 mag for g, r, i, and z bands over the entire duration of the survey. The considerable aging effect is uncovered in the u band, the response function showing a 30% decrease in the throughput in the short wavelength side during the survey years, which potentially causes a systematic error in photometry. The aging effect is consistent with variation of the instrumental sensitivity in u-band, which is calibrated out. The expected colour variation is consistent with measured colour variation in the catalog of repeated photometry. The colour variation is delta (u-g) ~ 0.01 for most stars, and at most delta (u-g) ~ 0.02 mag for those with extreme colours. We verified in the final catalogue that no systematic variations in excess of 0.01 mag are detected in the photometry which can be ascribed to aging and/or seasonal effects except for the secular u-g colour variation for stars with extreme colours.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2009

Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 Galaxy Sample

The spectroscopic Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7 (DR7) galaxy sample represents the final set of galaxies observed using the original SDSS target selection criteria. We analyse the clustering of galaxies within this sample, including both the Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) and Main samples, and also include the 2-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) data. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations are observed in power spectra measured for different slices in redshift; this allows us to constrain the distance--redshift relation at multiple epochs. We achieve a distance measure at redshift z=0.275, of r_s(z_d)/D_V(0.275)=0.1390+/-0.0037 (2.7% accuracy), where r_s(z_d) is the comoving sound horizon at the baryon drag epoch, D_V(z)=[(1+z)^2D_A^2cz/H(z)]^(1/3), D_A(z) is the angular diameter distance and H(z) is the Hubble parameter. We find an almost independent constraint on the ratio of distances D_V(0.35)/D_V(0.2)=1.736+/-0.065, which is consistent at the 1.1sigma level with the best fit Lambda-CDM model obtained when combining our z=0.275 distance constraint with the WMAP 5-year data. The offset is similar to that found in previous analyses of the SDSS DR5 sample, but the discrepancy is now of lower significance, a change caused by a revised error analysis and a change in the methodology adopted, as well as the addition of more data. Using WMAP5 constraints on Omega_bh^2 and Omega_ch^2, and combining our BAO distance measurements with those from the Union Supernova sample, places a tight constraint on Omega_m=0.286+/-0.018 and H_0 = 68.2+/-2.2km/s/Mpc that is robust to allowing curvature and non-Lambda dark energy. This result is independent of the behaviour of dark energy at redshifts greater than those probed by the BAO and supernova measurements. (abridged)

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2009

Cosmological Constraints from the Clustering of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7 Luminous Red Galaxies

We present the power spectrum of the reconstructed halo density field derived from a sample of Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Seventh Data Release (DR7). The halo power spectrum has a direct connection to the underlying dark matter power for k <= 0.2 h/Mpc, well into the quasi-linear regime. This enables us to use a factor of ~8 more modes in the cosmological analysis than an analysis with kmax = 0.1 h/Mpc, as was adopted in the SDSS team analysis of the DR4 LRG sample (Tegmark et al. 2006). The observed halo power spectrum for 0.02 < k < 0.2 h/Mpc is well-fit by our model: chi^2 = 39.6 for 40 degrees of freedom for the best fit LCDM model. We find Ω_m h^2 * (n_s/0.96)^0.13 = 0.141^{+0.009}_{-0.012} for a power law primordial power spectrum with spectral index n_s and Ω_b h^2 = 0.02265 fixed, consistent with CMB measurements. The halo power spectrum also constrains the ratio of the comoving sound horizon at the baryon-drag epoch to an effective distance to z=0.35: r_s/D_V(0.35) = 0.1097^{+0.0039}_{-0.0042}. Combining the halo power spectrum measurement with the WMAP 5 year results, for the flat LCDM model we find Ω_m = 0.289 +/- 0.019 and H_0 = 69.4 +/- 1.6 km/s/Mpc. Allowing for massive neutrinos in LCDM, we find \sum m_ν < 0.62 eV at the 95% confidence level. If we instead consider the effective number of relativistic species Neff as a free parameter, we find Neff = 4.8^{+1.8}_{-1.7}. Combining also with the Kowalski et al. (2008) supernova sample, we find Ω_{tot} = 1.011 +/- 0.009 and w = -0.99 +/- 0.11 for an open cosmology with constant dark energy equation of state w.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2009

Measuring the galaxy-mass and galaxy-dust correlations through magnification and reddening

We present a simultaneous detection of gravitational magnification and dust reddening effects due to galactic halos and large-scale structure. The measurement is based on correlating the brightness of ~85,000 quasars at z>1 with the position of 20 million galaxies at z~0.3 derived from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and is used to constrain the galaxy-mass and galaxy-dust correlation functions up to cosmological scales. The presence of dust is detected from 20 kpc to several Mpc, and we find its projected density to follow: Sigma_dust ~ theta^-0.8, a distribution similar to mass. The amount of dust in galactic halos is found to be comparable to that in disks. On large scales its wavelength dependence is described by R_V=3.9+/-2.6, consistent with interstellar dust. We estimate the resulting opacity of the Universe as a function of redshift and find A_V~0.03 mag up to z=0.5. This, in turn, implies a cosmic dust density of Omega_dust ~ 5x10^-6, roughly half of which comes from dust in halos of ~L* galaxies. We present magnification measurements, corrected for dust extinction, from which the galaxy-mass correlation function is inferred. The mean mass profile around galaxies is found to be Sigma ~ 30 (theta/arcmin)^-0.8 h M_sun/pc^2 up to a radius of 10 Mpc, in agreement with gravitational shear estimates.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2009

The Greater Impact of Mergers on the Growth of Massive Galaxies: Implications for Mass Assembly and Evolution Since z~1

Using deep infrared observations conducted with the MOIRCS on the Subaru Telescope in GOODS-N combined with public surveys in GOODS-S, we investigate the dependence on stellar mass, M_*, and galaxy type of the close pair fraction (5 kpc < r < 20 kpc) and implied merger rate. In common with some recent studies we find that the fraction of paired systems that could result in major mergers is low (~4%) and does not increase significantly with redshift to z~1.2, with (1+z)^{1.6 \pm 1.6}. Our key finding is that massive galaxies with M_* > 1E11 Msun are more likely to host merging companions than less massive systems (M_* ~ 1E10 Msun). We find evidence for a higher pair fraction for red, spheroidal hosts compared to blue, late-type systems, in line with expectations based on clustering at small scales. So-called "dry" mergers between early-type galaxies represent nearly 50% of close pairs with M_* > 3E10 Msun at z~0.5, but less than 30% at z~1. This result can be explained by the increasing abundance of red, early-type galaxies at these masses. We compare the volumetric merger rate of galaxies with different masses to mass-dependent trends in galaxy evolution, finding that major mergers cannot fully account for the formation of spheroidal galaxies since z~1. In terms of mass assembly, major mergers contribute little to galaxy growth below M_* ~ 3E10 Msun but are more significant among galaxies with M_* > 1E11 Msun, 30% of which have undergone mostly dry mergers over the observed redshift range. Overall, the relatively more rapid coalescence of high mass galaxies mirrors the expected hierarchical growth of halos and is consistent with recent model predictions, even if the downsizing of star formation and morphological evolution involves additional physical processes.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2008

Empirically Consistent Electroweak Radiative Corrections with the Two-Higgs Doublet Model

The electroweak radiative correction, which turned out to be marginal within the standard electroweak model having the minimal Higgs sector in view of the present experimental information, fits well the experiment when the Higgs sector is extended to have two Higgs doublets. We predict the range where the charged and CP odd Higgs boson masses would lie, taking the two CP even neutral Higgs boson masses to be degenerate which makes the analysis in multiparameter space feasible. It is shown that the mass of neutral Higgs doublet boson can arbitrarily be large consistently with the $W$ mass, if the charged Higgs boson is present and it's mass lies in some appropriate ranges.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2008

Luminosity Function Constraints on the Evolution of Massive Red Galaxies Since z~0.9

We measure the evolution of the luminous red galaxy (LRG) luminosity function in the redshift range 0.1 3L*) red galaxies have grown by less than 50% (at 99% confidence), since z=0.9, in stark contrast to the factor of 2-4 growth observed in the L* red galaxy population over the same epoch. We also investigate the evolution of the average LRG spectrum since z~0.9 and find the high-redshift composite to be well-described as a passively evolving example of the composite galaxy observed at low-redshift. From spectral fits to the composite spectra, we find at most 5% of the stellar mass in massive red galaxies may have formed within 1Gyr of z=0.9. While L* red galaxies are clearly assembled at z<1, 3L* galaxies appear to be largely in place and evolve little beyond the passive evolution of their stellar populations over the last half of cosmic history.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2008

The Milky Way Tomography with SDSS: II. Stellar Metallicity

Using effective temperature and metallicity derived from SDSS spectra for ~60,000 F and G type main sequence stars (0.2<g-r<0.6), we develop polynomial models for estimating these parameters from the SDSS u-g and g-r colors. We apply this method to SDSS photometric data for about 2 million F/G stars and measure the unbiased metallicity distribution for a complete volume-limited sample of stars at distances between 500 pc and 8 kpc. The metallicity distribution can be exquisitely modeled using two components with a spatially varying number ratio, that correspond to disk and halo. The two components also possess the kinematics expected for disk and halo stars. The metallicity of the halo component is spatially invariant, while the median disk metallicity smoothly decreases with distance from the Galactic plane from -0.6 at 500 pc to -0.8 beyond several kpc. The absence of a correlation between metallicity and kinematics for disk stars is in a conflict with the traditional decomposition in terms of thin and thick disks. We detect coherent substructures in the kinematics--metallicity space, such as the Monoceros stream, which rotates faster than the LSR, and has a median metallicity of [Fe/H]=-0.96, with an rms scatter of only ~0.15 dex. We extrapolate our results to the performance expected from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and estimate that the LSST will obtain metallicity measurements accurate to 0.2 dex or better, with proper motion measurements accurate to ~0.2 mas/yr, for about 200 million F/G dwarf stars within a distance limit of ~100 kpc (g<23.5). [abridged]

astro-ph↗

arXiv2008

The Milky Way Tomography with SDSS: I. Stellar Number Density Distribution

Abridged: We estimate the distances to ~48 million stars detected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and map their 3D number density distribution in 100 < D < 20 kpc range over 6,500 deg^2 of sky. The data show strong evidence for a Galaxy consisting of an oblate halo, a disk component, and a number of localized overdensities with exponential disk parameters (bias-corrected for an assumed 35% binary fraction) H_1 = 300 pc, L_1 = 2600 pc, H_2 = 900 pc, L_2 = 3600 pc, and local density normalization of 12%. We find the halo to be oblate, with best-fit axis ratio c/a = 0.64, r^{-2.8} profile, and the local halo-to-thin disk normalization of 0.5%. We estimate the errors of derived model parameters to be no larger than ~20% (disk scales) and ~10% (thick disk normalization). While generally consistent with the above model, the density distribution shows a number of statistically significant localized deviations. We detect two overdensities in the thick disk region at (R, Z) ~ (6.5, 1.5)kpc and (R, Z) ~ (9.5, 0.8) kpc, and a remarkable density enhancement in the halo covering >1000deg^2 of sky towards the constellation of Virgo, at distances of ~6-20 kpc. Compared to a region symmetric with respect to the l=0 line, the Virgo overdensity is responsible for a factor of 2 number density excess and may be a nearby tidal stream or a low-surface brightness dwarf galaxy merging with the Milky Way. After removal of the resolved overdensities, the remaining data are consistent with a smooth density distribution; we detect no evidence of further unresolved clumpy substructure at scales ranging from ~50pc in the disk, to ~1 - 2 kpc in the halo.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2008

Cross-correlation Weak Lensing of SDSS Galaxy Clusters I: Measurements

This is the first in a series of papers on the weak lensing effect caused by clusters of galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The photometrically selected cluster sample, known as MaxBCG, includes ~130,000 objects between redshift 0.1 and 0.3, ranging in size from small groups to massive clusters. We split the clusters into bins of richness and luminosity and stack the surface density contrast to produce mean radial profiles. The mean profiles are detected over a range of scales, from the inner halo (25 kpc/h) well into the surrounding large scale structure (30 Mpc/h), with a significance of 15 to 20 in each bin. The signal over this large range of scales is best interpreted in terms of the cluster-mass cross-correlation function. We pay careful attention to sources of systematic error, correcting for them where possible. The resulting signals are calibrated to the ~10% level, with the dominant remaining uncertainty being the redshift distribution of the background sources. We find that the profiles scale strongly with richness and luminosity. We find the signal within a given richness bin depends upon luminosity, suggesting that luminosity is more closely correlated with mass than galaxy counts. We split the samples by redshift but detect no significant evolution. The profiles are not well described by power laws. In a subsequent series of papers we invert the profiles to three-dimensional mass profiles, show that they are well fit by a halo model description, measure mass-to-light ratios and provide a cosmological interpretation.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Lens Search. II. Statistical Lens Sample from the Third Data Release

We report the first results of our systematic search for strongly lensed quasars using the spectroscopically confirmed quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Among 46,420 quasars from the SDSS Data Release 3 (~4188 deg^2), we select a subsample of 22,683 quasars that are located at redshifts between 0.6 and 2.2 and are brighter than the Galactic extinction corrected i-band magnitude of 19.1. We identify 220 lens candidates from the quasar subsample, for which we conduct extensive and systematic follow-up observations in optical and near-infrared wavebands, in order to construct a complete lensed quasar sample at image separations between 1'' and 20'' and flux ratios of faint to bright lensed images larger than 10^{-0.5}. We construct a statistical sample of 11 lensed quasars. Ten of these are galaxy-scale lenses with small image separations (~1''-2'') and one is a large separation (15'') system which is produced by a massive cluster of galaxies, representing the first statistical sample of lensed quasars including both galaxy- and cluster-scale lenses. The Data Release 3 spectroscopic quasars contain an additional 11 lensed quasars outside the statistical sample.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Lens Search. III. Constraints on Dark Energy from the Third Data Release Quasar Lens Catalog

We present cosmological results from the statistics of lensed quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Quasar Lens Search. By taking proper account of the selection function, we compute the expected number of quasars lensed by early-type galaxies and their image separation distribution assuming a flat universe, which is then compared with 7 lenses found in the SDSS Data Release 3 to derive constraints on dark energy under strictly controlled criteria. For a cosmological constant model (w=-1) we obtain Ω_Λ=0.74^{+0.11}_{-0.15}(stat.)^{+0.13}_{-0.06}(syst.). Allowing w to be a free parameter we find Ω_M=0.26^{+0.07}_{-0.06}(stat.)^{+0.03}_{-0.05}(syst.) and w=-1.1\pm0.6(stat.)^{+0.3}_{-0.5}(syst.) when combined with the constraint from the measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations in the SDSS luminous red galaxy sample. Our results are in good agreement with earlier lensing constraints obtained using radio lenses, and provide additional confirmation of the presence of dark energy consistent with a cosmological constant, derived independently of type Ia supernovae.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

Supernovae in the Subaru Deep Field: An Initial Sample, and Type Ia Rate, out to Redshift 1.6

Large samples of high-redshift supernovae (SNe) are potentially powerful probes of cosmic star formation, metal enrichment, and SN physics. We present initial results from a new deep SN survey, based on re-imaging in the R, i', z' bands, of the 0.25 deg2 Subaru Deep Field (SDF), with the 8.2-m Subaru telescope and Suprime-Cam. In a single new epoch consisting of two nights of observations, we have discovered 33 candidate SNe, down to a z'-band magnitude of 26.3 (AB). We have measured the photometric redshifts of the SN host galaxies, obtained Keck spectroscopic redshifts for 17 of the host galaxies, and classified the SNe using the Bayesian photometric algorithm of Poznanski et al. (2007) that relies on template matching. After correcting for biases in the classification, 55% of our sample consists of Type Ia supernovae and 45% of core-collapse SNe. The redshift distribution of the SNe Ia reaches z ~ 1.6, with a median of z ~ 1.2. The core-collapse SNe reach z ~ 1.0, with a median of z ~ 0.5. Our SN sample is comparable to the Hubble Space Telescope/GOODS sample both in size and redshift range. The redshift distributions of the SNe in the SDF and in GOODS are consistent, but there is a trend (which requires confirmation using a larger sample) for more high-z SNe Ia in the SDF. This trend is also apparent when comparing the SN Ia rates we derive to those based on GOODS data. Our results suggest a fairly constant rate at high redshift that could be tracking the star-formation rate. Additional epochs on this field, already being obtained, will enlarge our SN sample to the hundreds, and determine whether or not there is a decline in the SN Ia rate at z >~ 1.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

Spatial Variations of Galaxy Number Counts in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. II. Test of Galactic Extinction in High Extinction Regions

Galactic extinction is tested using galaxy number counts at low Galactic latitude obtained from five band photometry of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The spatial variation of galaxy number counts for low extinction regions of $E(B-V) < 0.15$ is consistent with the all-sky reddening map of Schlegel, Finkbeiner, & Davis (1998) and the standard extinction law. For higher extinction regions of $E(B-V) > 0.15$, however, the map of Schlegel et al.(1998) overestimates the reddening by a factor up to 1.4, which is likely ascribed to the departure from proportionality of reddening to infrared emissivity of dust. This result is consistent with the analysis of Arce & Goodman (1999) for the Taurus dark cloud complex.

astro-ph↗