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Mathias Schultheis

Publications and source records attributed to Mathias Schultheis.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) VI: Different vertical distributions between two DIBs at 442.8 nm and 862.1 nm

Although diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) were discovered over 100 years ago, for most of them, their origins are still unknown. Investigation on the correlations between different DIBs is an important way to study the behavior and distributions of their carriers. Based on stacking thousands of spectra from the Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey, we study the correlations between two DIBs at 442.8 nm ($λ$442.8) and 862.1 nm ($λ$862.1), as well as the dust grains, in a range of latitude spanning ${\sim}22^{\circ}$ ($4^{\circ}\,{<}\,|b|\,{<}\,15^{\circ}$) toward the Galactic center ($|\ell|\,{<}\,11^{\circ}$). Tight linear intensity correlations can be found between $λ$442.8, $λ$862.1, and dust grains for $|b|\,{<}\,12^{\circ}$ or $E(B-V)\,{>}\,0.3$ mag. For $|b|\,{>}\,12^{\circ}$, $λ$442.8 and $λ$862.1 present larger relative strength with respect to the dust grains. A systematic variation of the relative strength between $λ$442.8 and $λ$862.1 with $|b|$ and $E(B-V)$ concludes that the two DIBs do not share a common carrier. Furthermore, the carrier of $λ$862.1 is more abundant at high latitudes than that of $λ$442.8. This work can be treated as an example showing the significance and potentials to the DIB research covering a large latitude range.

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The contribution of N-rich stars to the Galactic stellar halo using APOGEE red giants

The contribution of dissolved globular clusters (GCs) to the stellar content of the Galactic halo is a key constraint on models for GC formation and destruction, and the mass assembly history of the Milky Way. Earlier results from APOGEE pointed to a large contribution of destroyed GCs to the stellar content of the inner halo, by as much as 25$\%$, which is an order of magnitude larger than previous estimates for more distant regions of the halo. We set out to measure the ratio between N-rich and normal halo field stars, as a function of distance, by performing density modelling of halo field populations in APOGEE DR16. Our results show that at 1.5 kpc from the Galactic Centre, N-rich stars contribute a much higher 16.8$^{+10.0}_{-7.0}$$\%$ fraction to the total stellar halo mass budget than the 2.7$^{+1.0}_{-0.8}$$\%$ ratio contributed at 10 kpc. Under the assumption that N-rich stars are former GC members that now reside in the stellar halo field, and assuming the ratio between first-and second-population GC stars being 1:2, we estimate a total contribution from disrupted GC stars of the order of 27.5$^{+15.4}_{-11.5}$$\%$ at r = 1.5 kpc and 4.2$^{+1.5}_{-1.3}$$\%$ at r = 10 kpc. Furthermore, since our methodology requires fitting a density model to the stellar halo, we integrate such density within a spherical shell from 1.5-15 kpc in radius, and find a total stellar mass arising from dissolved and/or evaporated GCs of $M_{\mathrm{GC,total}}$ = 9.6$^{+4.0}_{-2.6}$ $\times$ 10$^{7}$ M$\odot$.

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Massive Young Stellar Objects in the Galactic Center. II. Seeing Through the Ice-rich Envelopes

To study the demographics of interstellar ices in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of the Milky Way, we obtain near-infrared spectra of $109$ red point sources using NASA IRTF/SpeX at Maunakea. We select the sample from near- and mid-infrared photometry, including $12$ objects in the previous paper of this series, to ensure that these sources trace a large amount of absorption through clouds in each line of sight. We find that most of the sample ($100$ objects) show CO band-head absorption at $2.3\ μ$m, tagging them as red (super-) giants. Despite the photospheric signature, however, a fraction of the sample with $L$-band spectra ($9/82=0.11$) exhibit large H$_2$O ice column densities ($N > 2\times10^{18}\ {\rm cm}^{-2}$), and six of them also reveal CH$_3$OH ice absorption. As one of such objects is identified as a young stellar object (YSO) in our previous work, these ice-rich sight lines are likely associated with background stars in projection to an extended envelope of a YSO or a dense cloud core. The low frequency of such objects in the early stage of stellar evolution implies a low star-formation rate ($<0.02\ M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$), reinforcing the previous claim on the suppressed star-formation activity in the CMZ. Our data also indicate that the strong "shoulder" CO$_2$ ice absorption at $15.4\ μ$m observed in YSO candidates in the previous paper arises from CH$_3$OH-rich ice grains having a large CO$_2$ concentration [$N {\rm (CO_2)} / N {\rm (CH_3OH)} \approx 1/3$].

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APOGEE Detection of N-rich stars in the tidal tails of Palomar 5

Recent results from chemical tagging studies using APOGEE data suggest a strong link between the chemical abundance patterns of stars found within globular clusters, and chemically peculiar populations in the Galactic halo field. In this paper we analyse the chemical compositions of stars within the cluster body and tidal streams of Palomar 5, a globular cluster that is being tidally disrupted by interaction with the Galactic gravitational potential. We report the identification of nitrogen-rich (N-rich) stars both within and beyond the tidal radius of Palomar 5, with the latter being clearly aligned with the cluster tidal streams; this acts as confirmation that N-rich stars are lost to the Galactic halo from globular clusters, and provides support to the hypothesis that field N-rich stars identified by various groups have a globular cluster origin.

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Final Targeting Strategy for the SDSS-IV APOGEE-2N Survey

APOGEE-2 is a dual-hemisphere, near-infrared (NIR), spectroscopic survey with the goal of producing a chemo-dynamical mapping of the Milky Way Galaxy. The targeting for APOGEE-2 is complex and has evolved with time. In this paper, we present the updates and additions to the initial targeting strategy for APOGEE-2N presented in Zasowski et al. (2017). These modifications come in two implementation modes: (i) "Ancillary Science Programs" competitively awarded to SDSS-IV PIs through proposal calls in 2015 and 2017 for the pursuit of new scientific avenues outside the main survey, and (ii) an effective 1.5-year expansion of the survey, known as the Bright Time Extension, made possible through accrued efficiency gains over the first years of the APOGEE-2N project. For the 23 distinct ancillary programs, we provide descriptions of the scientific aims, target selection, and how to identify these targets within the APOGEE-2 sample. The Bright Time Extension permitted changes to the main survey strategy, the inclusion of new programs in response to scientific discoveries or to exploit major new datasets not available at the outset of the survey design, and expansions of existing programs to enhance their scientific success and reach. After describing the motivations, implementation, and assessment of these programs, we also leave a summary of lessons learned from nearly a decade of APOGEE-1 and APOGEE-2 survey operations. A companion paper, Santana et al. (submitted), provides a complementary presentation of targeting modifications relevant to APOGEE-2 operations in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Final Targeting Strategy for the SDSS-IV APOGEE-2S Survey

APOGEE is a high-resolution (R sim 22,000), near-infrared, multi-epoch, spectroscopic survey of the Milky Way. The second generation of the APOGEE project, APOGEE-2, includes an expansion of the survey to the Southern Hemisphere called APOGEE-2S. This expansion enabled APOGEE to perform a fully panoramic mapping of all the main regions of the Milky Way; in particular, by operating in the H-band, APOGEE is uniquely able to probe the dust-hidden inner regions of the Milky Way that are best accessed from the Southern Hemisphere. In this paper we present the targeting strategy of APOGEE-2S, with special attention to documenting modifications to the original, previously published plan. The motivation for these changes is explained as well as an assessment of their effectiveness in achieving their intended scientific objective. In anticipation of this being the last paper detailing APOGEE targeting, we present an accounting of all such information complete through the end of the APOGEE-2S project; this includes several main survey programs dedicated to exploration of major stellar populations and regions of the Milky Way, as well as a full list of programs contributing to the APOGEE database through allocations of observing time by the Chilean National Time Allocation Committee (CNTAC) and the Carnegie Institution for Science (CIS). This work was presented along with a companion article, R. Beaton et al. (submitted; AAS29028), presenting the final target selection strategy adopted for APOGEE-2 in the Northern Hemisphere.

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Chemical Cartography with APOGEE: Mapping Disk Populations with a Two-Process Model and Residual Abundances

We apply a novel statistical analysis to measurements of 16 elemental abundances in 34,410 Milky Way disk stars from the final data release (DR17) of APOGEE-2. Building on recent work, we fit median abundance ratio trends [X/Mg] vs. [Mg/H] with a 2-process model, which decomposes abundance patterns into a "prompt" component tracing core collapse supernovae and a "delayed" component tracing Type Ia supernovae. For each sample star, we fit the amplitudes of these two components, then compute the residuals Δ[X/H] from this two-parameter fit. The rms residuals range from ~0.01-0.03 dex for the most precisely measured APOGEE abundances to ~0.1 dex for Na, V, and Ce. The correlations of residuals reveal a complex underlying structure, including a correlated element group comprised of Ca, Na, Al, K, Cr, and Ce and a separate group comprised of Ni, V, Mn, and Co. Selecting stars poorly fit by the 2-process model reveals a rich variety of physical outliers and sometimes subtle measurement errors. Residual abundances allow comparison of populations controlled for differences in metallicity and [α/Fe]. Relative to the main disk (R=3-13 kpc, |Z|<2 kpc), we find nearly identical abundance patterns in the outer disk (R=15-17 kpc), 0.05-0.2 dex depressions of multiple elements in LMC and Gaia Sausage/Enceladus stars, and wild deviations (0.4-1 dex) of multiple elements in ωCen. Residual abundance analysis opens new opportunities for discovering chemically distinctive stars and stellar populations, for empirically constraining nucleosynthetic yields, and for testing chemical evolution models that include stochasticity in the production and redistribution of elements.

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Distance to three molecular clouds in the central molecular zone

The determination of absolute and relative distances of molecular clouds along the line-of-sight towards the central molecular zone (CMZ) is crucial to infer its orbital structure, dynamics, and to understand star formation in the clouds. Recent results by Zoccali et al. 2021 suggest that the G0.253 + 0.016 cloud (the Brick) does not belong to the CMZ. This motivated us to cross check their results computing the absolute and relative distance to the Brick and also to other two molecular clouds (the 50 km/s, and the 20 km/s clouds), and discuss their CMZ membership. We used the colour magnitude diagrams $K_s$ vs. $H-K_s$ to compare stars detected towards the target clouds with stars detected towards three reference regions in the nuclear stellar disc (NSD) and the Galactic bulge. We used red clump (RC) stars to estimate the distance to each region. We obtained that all the clouds present a double RC feature. Such a double RC has been reported in previous work for the NSD, but not for the bulge adjacent to it. We exclude the possibility that the different RC features are located at significantly different distances. The obtained absolute and relative distances are compatible with the Galactic centre distance ($\sim8$ kpc).

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A KMOS survey of the nuclear disk of the Milky Way I: Survey design and metallicities

In the central few degrees of the bulge of the Milky Way there is a flattened structure of gas, dust and stars (the central molecular zone) similar to nuclear disks in other galaxies. Due to extreme foreground extinction we possess only sparse information about the (mostly old) stellar population of the nuclear disc. Here we present our KMOS spectroscopic survey of the stars in the nuclear disk reaching the old populations. In order to obtain an unbiased data set, we sample stars in the full extinction range along each line-of-sight. We also observe reference fields in neighboring regions of the Galactic bulge. Here we describe the design and execution of the survey and present first results. We obtain spectra and five spectral indices of 3113 stars with a median S/N of 67 and measure radial velocities for 3051 stars. Of those, 2735 sources have sufficient S/N to estimate temperatures and metallicities from indices. We derive metallicities using the CO 2-0 and Na I K-band spectral features, where we derive our own empirical calibration using metallicities obtained with higher resolution observations. We use 183 giant stars for calibration spanning in metallicity from -2.5 to 0.6 dex and covering temperatures of up to 5500 K. The derived index based metallicities deviate from the calibration values with a scatter of 0.32 dex. The internal uncertainty of our metallicities is likely smaller. We use these metallicity measurements together with the CO index to derive effective temperatures using literature relations. We publish the catalog here. Our data set complements Galactic surveys such as Gaia and APOGEE for the inner 200 pc radius of the Milky Way which is not readily accessible by those surveys due to extinction. We will use the derived properties in future papers for further analysis of the nuclear disk.

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Evidence from APOGEE for the presence of a major building block of the halo buried in the inner Galaxy

We report evidence from APOGEE for the presence of a new metal-poor stellar structure located within $\sim$4~kpc of the Galactic centre. Characterised by a chemical composition resembling those of low mass satellites of the Milky Way, this new inner Galaxy structure (IGS) seems to be chemically and dynamically detached from more metal-rich populations in the inner Galaxy. We conjecture that this structure is associated with an accretion event that likely occurred in the early life of the Milky Way. Comparing the mean elemental abundances of this structure with predictions from cosmological numerical simulations, we estimate that the progenitor system had a stellar mass of $\sim5\times10^8M_\odot$, or approximately twice the mass of the recently discovered Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage system. We find that the accreted:{\it in situ} ratio within our metal-poor ([Fe/H]$<$--0.8) bulge sample is somewhere between 1:3 and 1:2, confirming predictions of cosmological numerical simulations by various groups.

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The chemodynamics of prograde and retrograde Milky Way stars

Context: The accretion history of the Milky Way is still unknown, despite the recent discovery of stellar systems that stand out in terms of their energy-angular momentum space, such as Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage. In particular, it is still unclear how these groups are linked and to what extent they are well-mixed. Aims: We investigate the similarities and differences in the properties between the prograde and retrograde (counter-rotating) stars and set those results in context by using the properties of Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage, Thamnos/Sequoia, and other suggested accreted populations. Methods: We used the stellar metallicities of the major large spectroscopic surveys (APOGEE, Gaia-ESO, GALAH, LAMOST, RAVE, SEGUE) in combination with astrometric and photometric data from Gaia's second data-release. We investigated the presence of radial and vertical metallicity gradients as well as the possible correlations between the azimuthal velocity, $v_ϕ,$ and metallicity, [M/H], as qualitative indicators of the presence of mixed populations. Results: We find that a handful of super metal-rich stars exist on retrograde orbits at various distances from the Galactic center and the Galactic plane. We also find that the counter-rotating stars appear to be a well-mixed population, exhibiting radial and vertical metallicity gradients on the order of $\sim$ -0.04 dex/kpc and -0.06 dex/kpc, respectively, with little (if any) variation when different regions of the Galaxy are probed. The prograde stars show a $v_ϕ$-[M/H] relation that flattens -- and, perhaps, even reverses as a function of distance from the plane. Retrograde samples selected to roughly probe Thamnos and Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage appear to be different populations yet they also appear to be quite linked, as they follow the same trend in terms of the eccentricity versus metallicity space.

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Exploring the stellar age distribution of the Milky Way Bulge using APOGEE

We present stellar age distributions of the Milky Way (MW) bulge region using ages for $\sim$6,000 high-luminosity ($\log(g) < 2.0$), metal-rich ($\rm [Fe/H] \ge -0.5$) bulge stars observed by the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). Ages are derived using {\it The Cannon} label-transfer method, trained on a sample of nearby luminous giants with precise parallaxes for which we obtain ages using a Bayesian isochrone-matching technique. We find that the metal-rich bulge is predominantly composed of old stars ($>$8 Gyr). We find evidence that the planar region of the bulge ($|Z_{\rm GC}| \le 0.25$ kpc) enriched in metallicity, $Z$, at a faster rate ($dZ/dt \sim$ 0.0034 ${\rm Gyr^{-1}}$) than regions farther from the plane ($dZ/dt \sim$ 0.0013 ${\rm Gyr^{-1}}$ at $|Z_{\rm GC}| > 1.00$ kpc). We identify a non-negligible fraction of younger stars (age $\sim$ 2--5 Gyr) at metallicities of $\rm +0.2 < [Fe/H] < +0.4$. These stars are preferentially found in the plane ($|Z_{\rm GC}| \le 0.25$ kpc) and between $R_{\rm cy} \approx 2-3$ kpc, with kinematics that are more consistent with rotation than are the kinematics of older stars at the same metallicities. We do not measure a significant age difference between stars found in and outside of the bar. These findings show that the bulge experienced an initial starburst that was more intense close to the plane than far from the plane. Then, star formation continued at super-solar metallicities in a thin disk at 2 kpc $\lesssim R_{\rm cy} \lesssim$ 3 kpc until $\sim$2 Gyr ago.

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Multiwavelength investigation of extended green object G19.88-0.53: Revealing a protocluster

A multiwavelength analysis of star formation associated with the extended green object, G19.88-0.53 is presented in this paper. With multiple detected radio and millimetre components, G19.88-0.53 unveils as harbouring a protocluster rather than a single massive young stellar object. We detect an ionized thermal jet using the upgraded Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope, India, which is found to be associated with a massive, dense and hot ALMA 2.7 mm core driving a bipolar CO outflow. Near-infrared spectroscopy with UKIRT-UIST shows the presence of multiple shock-excited H2 lines concurrent with the nature of this region. Detailed investigation of the gas kinematics using ALMA data reveals G19.88-0.53 as an active protocluster with high-mass star forming components spanning a wide evolutionary spectrum from hot cores in accretion phase to cores driving multiple outflows to possible UCHII regions.

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The Milky Way's bulge star formation history as constrained from its bimodal chemical abundance distribution

We conduct a quantitative analysis of the star formation history (SFH) of the Milky Way's bulge by exploiting the constraining power of its stellar [Fe/H] and [Mg/Fe] distribution functions. Using APOGEE data, we confirm the previously-established bimodal [Mg/Fe]--[Fe/H] distribution within 3 kpc of the inner Galaxy. Compared to that in the solar vicinity, the high-$α$ population in the bulge peaks at a lower [Fe/H]. To fit these observations, we use a simple but flexible star formation framework, which assumes two distinct stages of gas accretion and star formation, and systematically evaluate a wide multi-dimensional parameter space. We find that the data favor a three-phase SFH that consists of an initial starburst, followed by a rapid star formation quenching episode and a lengthy, quiescent secular evolution phase. The metal-poor, high-$α$ bulge stars ([Fe/H]<0.0 and [Mg/Fe]>0.15) are formed rapidly (<2 Gyr) during the early starburst. The density gap between the high- and low-$α$ sequences is due to the quenching process. The metal-rich, low-$α$ population ([Fe/H]>0.0 and [Mg/Fe]<0.15) then accumulates gradually through inefficient star formation during the secular phase. This is qualitatively consistent with the early SFH of the inner disk. Given this scenario, a notable fraction of young stars (age<5 Gyr) is expected to persist in the bulge. Combined with extragalactic observations, these results suggest that a rapid star formation quenching process is responsible for bimodal distributions in both the Milky Way's stellar populations and in the general galaxy population and thus plays a critical role in galaxy evolution.

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The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) II: Uncovering the most metal-poor populations in the inner Milky Way

Metal-poor stars are important tools for tracing the early history of the Milky Way, and for learning about the first generations of stars. Simulations suggest that the oldest metal-poor stars are to be found in the inner Galaxy. Typical bulge surveys, however, lack low metallicity ([Fe/H] < -1.0) stars because the inner Galaxy is predominantly metal-rich. The aim of the Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) is to study the metal-poor and very metal-poor (VMP, [Fe/H] < -2.0) stars in this region. In PIGS, metal-poor targets for spectroscopic follow-up are selected from metallicity-sensitive CaHK photometry from the CFHT. This work presents the ~250 deg^2 photometric survey as well as intermediate-resolution spectroscopic follow-up observations for ~8000 stars using AAOmega on the AAT. The spectra are analysed using two independent tools: ULySS with an empirical spectral library, and FERRE with a library of synthetic spectra. The comparison between the two methods enables a robust determination of the stellar parameters and their uncertainties. We present a sample of 1300 VMP stars -- the largest sample of VMP stars in the inner Galaxy to date. Additionally, our spectroscopic dataset includes ~1700 horizontal branch stars, which are useful metal-poor standard candles. We furthermore show that PIGS photometry selects VMP stars with unprecedented efficiency: 86%/80% (lower/higher extinction) of the best candidates satisfy [Fe/H] < -2.0, as do 80%/63% of a larger, less strictly selected sample. We discuss future applications of this unique dataset that will further our understanding of the chemical and dynamical evolution of the innermost regions of our Galaxy.

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The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) I: Tracing the kinematics of metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge

Our Galaxy is known to contain a central boxy/peanut-shaped bulge, yet the importance of a classical, pressure-supported component within the central part of the Milky Way is still being debated. It should be most visible at low metallicity, a regime that has not yet been studied in detail. Using metallicity-sensitive narrow-band photometry, the Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) has collected a large sample of metal-poor ([Fe/H] < -1.0) stars in the inner Galaxy to address this open question. We use PIGS to trace the metal-poor inner Galaxy kinematics as function of metallicity for the first time. We find that the rotational signal decreases with decreasing [Fe/H], until it becomes negligible for the most metal-poor stars. Additionally, the velocity dispersion increases with decreasing metallicity for -3.0 < [Fe/H] < -0.5, with a gradient of -44 $\pm$ 4 km$\,$s$^{-1}\,$dex$^{-1}$. These observations may signal a transition between Galactic components of different metallicities and kinematics, a different mapping onto the boxy/peanut-shaped bulge for former disk stars of different metallicities and/or the secular dynamical and gravitational influence of the bar on the pressure-supported component. Our results provide strong constraints on models that attempt to explain the properties of the inner Galaxy.

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The origin of stellar populations in the Galactic bulge from chemical abundances

In this work, we study the formation and chemical evolution of the Galactic bulge with particular focus on the abundance pattern ([Mg/Fe] vs. [Fe/H]), metallicity and age distribution functions. We consider detailed chemical evolution models for the Galactic bulge and inner disc, with the aim of shedding light on the connection between these components and the origin of bulge stars. In particular, we first present a model assuming a fast and intense star formation, with the majority of bulge stars forming on a timescale less than 1 Gyr. Then we analyze the possibility of two distinct stellar populations in the bulge, as suggested by Gaia-ESO and APOGEE data. These two populations, one metal poor and the other metal rich, can have had two different origins: i) the metal rich formed after a stop of roughly 250 Myr in the star formation rate of the bulge, or ii) the metal rich population is made of stars formed in the inner disc and brought into the bulge by the early secular evolution of the bar. We also examine the case of multiple star bursts in the bulge with consequent formation of multiple populations, as suggested by studies of microlensed stars. After comparing model results and observations, we suggest that the most likely scenario is that there are two main stellar populations, both made mainly by old stars (> 10 Gyr), with the metal rich and younger one formed from inner thin disc stars, in agreement with kinematical arguments. However, on the basis of dynamical simulations, we cannot completely exclude that the second population formed after a stop in the star formation during the bulge evolution, so that all the stars formed in situ.

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Initial phases of high-mass star formation: A multiwavelength study towards the extended green object G12.42+0.50

We present a multiwavelength study of the extended green object, G12.42+0.50 in this paper. The associated ionized, dust, and molecular components of this source are studied in detail employing various observations at near-, mid- and far-infrared, submillimeter and radio wavelengths. Radio continuum emission mapped at 610 and 1390 MHz, using the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope, India, advocates for a scenario of coexistence of an UC H II region and an ionized thermal jet possibly powered by the massive young stellar object, IRAS 18079-1756 with an estimated spectral type of B1 - B0.5. Shock-excited lines of H2 and [FeII], as seen in the near-infrared spectra obtained with UKIRT-UIST, lend support to this picture. Cold dust emission shows a massive clump of mass 1375 M{\sun} enveloping G12.42+0.50. Study of the molecular gas kinematics using the MALT90 and JCMT archival data unravels the presence of both infall activity and large-scale outflow suggesting an early stage of massive star formation in G12.42+0.50. A network of filamentary features are also revealed merging with the massive clump mimicking a hub-filament layout. Velocity structure along these indicate bulk inflow motion.

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