THz emission from multiply ionized laser plasma
Studies employing nonlinear interactions of ultrashort THz pulses with matter are becoming a promising scientific research field enabling access to ultrafast dynamics unattainable by other methods. To enter this regime, THz pulses with energy ranging from hundreds of $μ$J to the mJ level are necessary. However, techniques that provide pulses with such energy levels are still not widely established. Upscaling methods of laser-solid interaction is limited by the damage threshold of materials, while the mechanism of THz generation from high-intensity laser-gas interactions is not fully understood yet. Here, we establish the photocurrent model of laser-driven plasma THz generation in the unexplored high-intensity regime by accounting for high-ionization states of the target gas. Our model shows excellent agreement with experimental observations, providing a clear explanation of phenomena in both spectral and temporal domains. Moreover, in such a regime it explains a newly observed significant increase in conversion efficiency from laser to THz. In the experiments, we achieved a generation of 0.2 mJ THz pulses, driven by a Ti:sapphire laser with a conversion efficiency exceeding 1 %.