Acoustic Honeybee Queen-State Detection Under Unseen Conditions
Honeybee queen loss is a major threat to colony health, yet queen-status assessment remains largely manual and disruptive. Acoustic monitoring offers a non-invasive alternative by enabling continuous analysis of hive sounds. In this paper, we benchmark conventional and learned acoustic representations for automated detection of queen absence, comparing task-specific convolutional neural networks with pretrained audio transformers. Experiments are performed on 5,129 audio recordings from 3,285 hives across 47 apiaries collected between October 2024 and August 2026, evaluated using hive- and apiary-independent splits. Results show that models relying on modulation spectrograms achieve the best performance, reaching an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUROC) of 0.81 and Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve (AUPRC) of 0.37 on unseen hives; performance decreases under unseen-apiary evaluation. Overall, our results highlight the promise of modulation-based audio representations for non-invasive queen-status monitoring and highlight the challenge in cross-apiary model generalization.