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Maximilian Spellauge

Publications and source records attributed to Maximilian Spellauge.

5 recordsLinked to original sources

Probing the transport properties of Cantor-Wu alloys by means of femtosecond and nanosecond laser ablation

Single-pulse laser ablation thresholds of selected equiatomic Cantor-Wu alloys - FeNi, CoNi, CrFeNi, CrCoNi, and CrMnFeCoNi - are measured for femtosecond and nanosecond pulse durations and interpreted through first-principles calculations of the electronic structure, the electron-phonon coupling, and the electronic thermal conductivity. Alloy synthesis, ablation experiments, and theory are performed consistently on the same set of samples. The absorbed femtosecond thresholds decrease systematically by up to 36 % from FeNi to the Cr-containing alloys, a trend that reflectance variations cannot explain. Two-temperature-model scaling of the thresholds with the electronic thermal conductivity and the electron-phonon coupling, with all parameters taken from the spin-disordered phase, reproduces the measured hierarchy. The nanosecond thresholds instead probe the thermal equilibrium conductivity averaged along the heating path. The apparent outlier of CoNi, whose room-temperature transport over-predicts its thresholds by up to a factor of two for both pulse durations, is resolved quantitatively by the collapse of its conductivity upon loss of ferromagnetic order. Single-pulse ablation thresholds thereby emerge as sensitive, contact-free probes of electronic transport and of its magnetic-phase dependence in compositionally complex alloys.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Ultrafast Tracking of the Spallation Layer in Bulk Gold, Aluminum, and Steel

Extreme manufacturing with ultrashort-pulse (USP) lasers at the physical limit of precision and efficiency requires understanding ablation dynamics on the picosecond-to-nanosecond timescale. Pump-probe reflectometry (PPR) provides direct access to photomechanical spallation through Newton ring (NR) interference, but this signature vanishes when the spallation layer becomes optically opaque or the ablated material strongly attenuates the probe. Here, we combine PPR with phase-sensitive interferometric pump-probe (PPI) measurements to track the spallation layer in bulk steel, aluminum, and gold. PPI resolves the propagating layer even when the reflected probe signal is suppressed by >95%. Joint PPR/PPI analysis with transfer-matrix modelling (TMM) yields spallation layer thickness, vapor layer absorption, and the layer disintegration times. These quantities are key determinants of the energy coupling of subsequent pulses in GHz burst processing.

physics.optics

Threefold Efficiency Enhancement and Narrowed Nanoparticle Size Distribution in Laser Ablation of Gold in Water by GHz-Burst Irradiation

Laser ablation in liquids enables the synthesis of surfactant-free nanoparticles but remains limited in productivity due to intrinsic constraints imposed by the liquid environment. These constraints include nonlinear optical losses, material redeposition, and cavitation bubble-induced shielding. Temporal intensity shaping of the incident laser pulse offers a potential route to mitigate these limitations. Here, ultrashort GHz-burst ablation is applied to laser ablation of gold in water. By distributing the pulse energy into a sequence of picosecond sub-pulses arriving within the nanosecond time window preceding cavitation bubble formation, GHz-burst irradiation enables energy delivery before the onset of bubble-induced shielding. This increases the threshold fluence for nonlinear losses and yields an ablation efficiency enhancement of up to a factor of three compared to single-pulse ablation. Importantly, this efficiency gain is not accompanied by an increase in cavitation bubble size or lifetime. In addition to enhanced efficiency, burst irradiation yields a twofold narrower nanoparticle size distribution. These results demonstrate that GHz-burst ablation is a promising approach to increase productivity while simultaneously improving nanoparticle quality.

physics.optics

Breakdown of spallation in multi-pulse ultrafast laser ablation

Ultrashort-pulse laser ablation of metals near damage threshold is governed by homogeneous spallation, in which tensile unloading releases a nanometre-thin liquid film whose optical signatures are temporally evolving concentric Newton rings in pump--probe experiments. This well-established picture rests almost exclusively on single-pulse results obtained on ideally flat surfaces, yet application-oriented processing invariably operates in a multi-pulse regime in which each pulse irradiates a surface progressively modified by preceding pulses. Whether homogeneous spallation persists under these conditions has remained an open question. Here we resolve this question using time-resolved pump-probe interferometry applied pulse by pulse to austenitic stainless steel. We show that homogeneous spallation dominates the first pulse, while its contribution is strongly reduced for the second pulse. By the third pulse, Newton rings vanish and sustained surface bulging collapses, with the optical transients fully saturating into a phase-explosion-like signature by the fourth pulse. Fourier-domain coherence analysis rules out roughness-induced decoherence as an optical artefact. Four independent observables, spanning time-resolved and final-state measurements, converge on the same transition after three to four pulses. Spallation-layer formation, widely invoked to explain ultrashort-pulse ablation of metals, is thus a single-pulse phenomenon rather than a multi-pulse ablation mechanism.

physics.optics

Microparticle laser fragmentation in liquids: mechanisms, energetics, and efficiency quantified with single-pulse, single-particle precision

Microparticle laser fragmentation in liquids has emerged as a promising approach to generate nanoparticles with high efficiency. Despite its advantages, the underlying fragmentation mechanisms, their connection to the nanoparticle size distribution, and the energy efficiency of the process remain poorly understood. In this study for the first time, microparticle fragmentation is investigated in single-pulse, single-particle experiments on Au microparticles. Determining the absorbed peak fluence enables assessment of the process energetics. Pump-probe microscopy identifies photomechanical fracture of the molten microparticle volume and photothermal phase explosion of its superheated surface as the fragmentation mechanisms. We find that 83% of the absorbed laser energy is converted into cavitation bubble formation, while only 1% contributes to the surface energy of the generated nanoparticles. Despite this small fraction, MP-LFL outperforms laser ablation in liquids. The surface energy generated per absorbed energy is 10 times higher, and the overall energy efficiency is 14 times higher. This gain originates from the confined microparticle geometry, which minimizes energy losses and enhances photomechanical fragmentation via pressure focusing. These results position microparticle fragmentation in liquids as a fundamentally more energy-efficient approach for scalable, laser-based nanoparticle production than laser ablation in liquids.

physics.optics