arXiv subjects

Mayuresh Surnis

Publications and source records attributed to Mayuresh Surnis.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Pulse Signal Simulation of Pulsars

The present thesis is a work in progress on improving the simulation of integrated pulse profiles of pulsars. Pulsars, highly magnetized rotating neutron stars, serve as precise cosmic clocks useful for studying gravity and the interstellar medium. Although periodic pulses from many pulsars are observed and modeled at differ- ent radio frequencies, a robust realistic simulation of their profiles utilizing their parameters remain underdeveloped. The present study focuses on developing a physically consistent model to reproduce observed pulse shapes across multiple frequencies. This study will be useful in coherently understanding the various as- pects of the pulsar emission mechanism. These integrated pulse profiles are the time-averaged properties of pulsar emission and are obtained after averaging indi- vidual pulses over a few thousand rotations. Observed to be highly stable, these are indicative of the global properties of the pulsar magnetosphere. By refining simulation techniques and incorporating the propagation effects of the interstellar medium, this work will prove to be helpful in generating synthetic, yet realistic models. The results are expected to contribute to the interpretation of observa- tional data and to the development of improved timing and emission models for pulsars

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arXiv2026

Profile Reconstruction from Temporally Stable Emission Components for Timing PSR J1713+0747

The assumption of long-term pulse-profile stability underpins high-precision pulsar timing and forms the basis of pulsar timing array experiments. However, several millisecond pulsars exhibit temporal profile variability that can introduce systematic biases in pulse time of arrival measurements and compromise timing precision. We present a profile-domain analysis of PSR J1713+0747 at low radio frequencies, in the 300-500 MHz band, using upgraded GMRT observations for the Indian Pulsar Timing Array experiment. We model frequency-resolved pulse profiles using a Bayesian Gaussian decomposition framework in which individual Gaussian components are associated with persistent emission regions through informative phase priors that permit modest temporal variations. By tracking the evolution of the decomposed components across observing epochs and frequency sub-bands, we identify central Gaussian components that remain precisely localized despite changes in the integrated pulse morphology. We then reconstruct pulse profiles with realistic noise using these central components and perform timing analysis. Our approach provides a physically motivated framework for mitigating pulse-profile variability and offers a generic methodology for recovering robust timing information from pulsars exhibiting profile evolution.

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arXiv2026

The Indian Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 2: III. Search for a Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background

We present the first independent search for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background in the second data release of the Indian Pulsar Timing Array, comprising of 27 millisecond pulsars monitored simultaneously in two frequency bands with the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope over a maximum 7.2 year baseline. Building on a comprehensive single pulsar noise analysis, we search for a common uncorrelated red noise process within a Bayesian inference framework and with the noise-marginalized optimal statistics, and we test the robustness of the result through per-pulsar dropout analyses and solar-wind exclusion cuts. Leaving the spectral index free, we recover a broad amplitude posterior, $\log_{10} A_{\rm CURN} = -13.71^{+1.06}_{-3.28}$, with an unconstrained spectral index $\gamma_{\rm CURN} = 2.98^{+3.62}_{-2.70}$ and a Savage-Dickey Bayes factor of $2.5$ for a common red process over the no signal model. The optimal-statistic signal to noise ratios for the monopole, dipole, and Hellings-Downs correlations are all consistent with zero. Fixing the spectral index to $\gamma = 13/3$, the value predicted by an idealized toy model in which the background is sourced by a population of supermassive black hole binaries in circular orbits evolving purely under leading-order gravitational radiation reaction, we place a $95\%$ upper limit on the common-process amplitude of $A_{\rm GWB} < 3.4\times10^{-14}$, stable across solar elongation cuts of $10^\circ$, $20^\circ$, and $30^\circ$. This limit lies approximately an order of magnitude above the amplitudes reported by other, longer-running pulsar timing array experiments. We also demonstrate through simulated datasets with the addition of simple chromatic and achromatic noise components that it will take at least a 10 year baseline to start recovering the common red noise signal.

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arXiv2026

Multifrequency evolution of the Integrated pulse profile of radio pulsars by implementing the inverse Compton mechanism

The Main Aim of this paper is to explain the emergence of new components of pulsars at higher radio bands by implementing the Inverse Compton Scattering Mechanism. From pulsar radio observation, it is seen that a couple of pulsars reveal new emission components at higher radio frequencies, although they show single-component emission at lower frequencies. We develop a brief outline, fostering inverse Compton scattering (ICS) of the low-frequency radio photons as a vulnerable source of scattering, susceptible to explaining the evolution of new components of some radio pulsars at higher bands. We couple the conventional curvature radiation (CR) mechanism and ICS, and suggest that the spectral convolution of the flux component individually from CR and the modulated template due to the ICS scattered component can be combined to reproduce such signatures associated with the diverse morphology of the integrated pulse profile. We reproduce the beam frequency diagram, the geometrical variation of different parameters of the emission geometry, as well as the multi-frequency evolution from theory. We have suitably tuned the input parameter space and given the combination of parameters that can tune to a particular scattered frequency in tabulated form. We conclude that ICS may be a responsible process for describing the emergence of new components in higher radio emission bands.

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arXiv2025

The Indian Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 2: II. Customised Single-Pulsar Noise Analysis and Noise Budget

We present the results of customised single-pulsar noise analysis of 27 millisecond pulsars from the second data release of the Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA-DR2). We model various stochastic noise sources present in the dataset using stationary Gaussian processes and estimate the noise budget of the InPTA-DR2 using Bayesian inference, involving model selection, Fourier harmonics selection, and parameter estimation for each pulsar. We check the efficacy of our noise characterisation by performing the Anderson-Darling test for Gaussianity on the noise-subtracted residuals. We find that all 11 pulsars with time baseline $\lesssim2.5\,\text{yr}$ show Gaussian residuals and do not have evidence for any red noise process in the optimal model, except for PSR J1944$+$0907, which shows presence of DM noise. PSRs J0437$-$4715, J1909$-$3744 and J1939$+$2134 show preference for the most complicated noise model, having achromatic and chromatic red noise processes. Only 4 out of 15 pulsars with time baseline $\gtrsim2.5\,\text{yr}$ show significant non-Gaussianity in noise-subtracted residuals. We suspect that this may require more advanced methods to model noise processes properly. A comparative study of six pulsars with data removed near solar conjunctions showed deviations from the parameter estimates obtained with the original dataset, indicating potential bias in red noise processes due to unmodeled solar-wind effects. The results presented in this work remain broadly consistent with the InPTA-DR1 noise budget, with better constraints obtained on noise processes for several pulsars and support for achromatic red noise in PSR J1012$+$5307 due to the extended time baseline.

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arXiv2025

Revisiting wideband pulsar timing measurements

In the wideband paradigm of pulsar timing, the time of arrival of a pulsar pulse is measured simultaneously with the corresponding dispersion measure from a frequency-resolved integrated pulse profile. We present a new method for performing wideband measurements that rigorously accounts for measurement noise. We demonstrate this method using observations of PSR J2124$-$3358 made as part of the Indian Pulsar Timing Array experiment using the upgraded Giant Metre-wave Radio Telescope, and show that our method produces more realistic measurement uncertainty estimates compared to the existing wideband measurement method.

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arXiv2025

Effects of Coronal Mass Ejection on PSR J1022+1001 and Possible Mode Change of PSR J2145-0750 in the InPTA DR2

The Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA) has recently published its second data release (DR2), comprising the timing analysis of seven years of data on 27 millisecond pulsars (MSPs), observed simultaneously in the 300-500 MHz (band 3) and 1260-1460 MHz (band 5), using the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT). The low-frequency data, particularly in band 3, is highly sensitive to propagation effects such as dispersion measure (DM) fluctuations, which can be imprints of some astrophysical phenomena (scientific outliers). Here, we analyze the two outliers of possible astrophysical origin coming from the band 3 DM time series of two pulsars: PSR J1022+1001, with an ecliptic latitude of -0.06 degree, and PSR J2145-0750, one of the brightest MSPs, with multi-component profile morphology. Our study reveals compelling evidence for a coronal mass ejection (CME) event traced in the data of PSR J1022+1001, and reports evidence for a potential mode-changing event in PSR J2145-0750. By contrasting these two cases, we show that DM fluctuations due to CME interacions and intrinsic mode-changing events produce distinct observational signatures, enabling a physically informed classification of scientific outliers in PTA datasets. Extending the analyses presented here to the full sample of InPTA-DR2 pulsars is expected to reveal additional CME events, and possible mode-changing events. Such detections will not only improve our understanding of solar and pulsar magnetospheric plasma interactions but will also enable more accurate modelling of DM variations, leading to improved pulsar timing solutions, which are crucial for high-precision Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) science.

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arXiv2025

The Indian Pulsar Timing Array Data Release 2: I. Dataset and Timing Analysis

The Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA) employs unique features of the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) to monitor dozens of the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA) millisecond pulsars (MSPs), simultaneously in the 300-500 MHz and the 1260-1460 MHz bands. This dual-band approach ensures that any frequency-dependent delays are accurately characterized, significantly improving the timing precision for pulsar observations, which is crucial for pulsar timing arrays. We present details of InPTA's second data release that involves 7 yrs of data on 27 IPTA MSPs. This includes sub-banded Times of Arrival (ToAs), Dispersion Measures (DM), and initial timing ephemerides for our MSPs. A part of this dataset, originally released in InPTA's first data release, is being incorporated into IPTA's third data release which is expected to detect and characterize nanohertz gravitational waves in the coming years. The entire dataset is reprocessed in this second data release providing some of the highest precision DM estimates so far and interesting solar wind related DM variations in some pulsars. This is likely to characterize the noise introduced by the dynamic inter-stellar ionised medium much better than the previous release thereby increasing sensitivity to any future gravitational wave search.

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arXiv2025

Astrophysics with Compact Objects: An Indian Perspective, Present Status and Future Vision

Astrophysical compact objects, viz., white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes, are the remnants of stellar deaths at the end of their life cycles. They are ideal testbeds for various fundamental physical processes under extreme conditions that are unique in nature. Observational radio astronomy with uGMRT and OORT facilities has led to several important breakthroughs in studies of different kinds of pulsars and their emission mechanisms. On the other hand, accretion processes around compact objects are at the core of Indian astronomy research. In this context, AstroSat mission revolutionized spectro-temporal observations and measurements of accretion phenomena, quasi-periodic oscillations, and jet behaviour in binary systems hosting compact objects. Moreover, recently launched XPoSat mission is set to provide an impetus to these high-energy phenomena around compact objects by enabling us to conduct polarization measurements in the X-ray band. Further, during the past decade, numerous gravitational wave signals have been observed from coalescing black holes and neutron stars in binary systems. Recent simultaneous observation of the GW170817 event in both gravitational waves and electromagnetic channels has ushered in the era of multi-messenger astronomy. In the future, synergistic efforts among several world-class observational facilities, e.g., LIGO-India, SKA, TMT, etc., within the Indian astrophysics community will provide a significant boost to achieve several key science goals that have been delineated here. In general, this article plans to highlight scientific projects being pursued across Indian institutions in this field, the scientific challenges that this community would be focusing on, and the opportunities in the coming decade. Finally, we have also mentioned the required resources, both in the form of infrastructural and human resources.

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arXiv2025

Discovery of 26 new Galactic radio transients by MeerTRAP

Radio searches for single pulses provide the opportunity to discover one-off events, fast transients and some pulsars that might otherwise be missed by conventional periodicity searches. The MeerTRAP real-time search pipeline operates commensally to observations with the MeerKAT telescope. Here, we report on 26 new Galactic radio transients, mostly rotating radio transients (RRATs) and also the detection of one RRAT and two pulsars that were independently discovered by other surveys. The dispersion measures of two of the new sources marginally exceed the Galactic contribution depending on the electron density model used. Using a simple method of fitting a Gaussian function to individual pulses, and obtaining positions of arcsecond accuracy from image-based localisations using channelised voltage data from our transient buffer, we have derived timing solutions spanning multiple years for five sources. The timing parameters imply ages of several Myr and low surface magnetic field strengths which is characteristic of RRATs. We were able to measure spin periods for eight more transients, including one source which appears to rotate every 17.5 seconds. A majority of the sources have only been seen in one observation, sometimes despite multiple return visits to the field. Some sources exhibit complex emission features like component switching and periodic microstructure.

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arXiv2024

Improving DM estimates using low-frequency scattering-broadening estimates

A pulsar's pulse profile gets broadened at low frequencies due to dispersion along the line of sight or due to multi-path propagation. The dynamic nature of the interstellar medium makes both of these effects time-dependent and introduces slowly varying time delays in the measured times-of-arrival similar to those introduced by passing gravitational waves. In this article, we present an improved method to correct for such delays by obtaining unbiased dispersion measure (DM) measurements by using low-frequency estimates of the scattering parameters. We evaluate this method by comparing the obtained DM estimates with those, where scatter-broadening is ignored using simulated data. A bias is seen in the estimated DMs for simulated data with pulse-broadening with a larger variability for a data set with a variable frequency scaling index, $α$, as compared to that assuming a Kolmogorov turbulence. Application of the proposed method removes this bias robustly for data with band averaged signal-to-noise ratio larger than 100. We report the measurements of the scatter-broadening time and $α$ from analysis of PSR J1643$-$1224, observed with upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope as part of the Indian Pulsar Timing Array experiment. These scattering parameters were found to vary with epoch and $α$ was different from that expected for Kolmogorov turbulence. Finally, we present the DM time-series after application of this technique to PSR J1643$-$1224.

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arXiv2024

Low-frequency pulse-jitter measurement with the uGMRT I : PSR J0437$-$4715

High-precision pulsar timing observations are limited in their accuracy by the jitter noise that appears in the arrival time of pulses. Therefore, it is important to systematically characterise the amplitude of the jitter noise and its variation with frequency. In this paper, we provide jitter measurements from low-frequency wideband observations of PSR J0437$-$4715 using data obtained as part of the Indian Pulsar Timing Array experiment. We were able to detect jitter in both the 300 - 500 MHz and 1260 - 1460 MHz observations of the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT). The former is the first jitter measurement for this pulsar below 700 MHz, and the latter is in good agreement with results from previous studies. In addition, at 300 - 500 MHz, we investigated the frequency dependence of the jitter by calculating the jitter for each sub-banded arrival time of pulses. We found that the jitter amplitude increases with frequency. This trend is opposite as compared to previous studies, indicating that there is a turnover at intermediate frequencies. It will be possible to investigate this in more detail with uGMRT observations at 550 - 750 MHz and future high sensitive wideband observations from next generation telescopes, such as the Square Kilometre Array. We also explored the effect of jitter on the high precision dispersion measure (DM) measurements derived from short duration observations. We find that even though the DM precision will be better at lower frequencies due to the smaller amplitude of jitter noise, it will limit the DM precision for high signal-to-noise observations, which are of short durations. This limitation can be overcome by integrating for a long enough duration optimised for a given pulsar.

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arXiv2023

Multi-band Extension of the Wideband Timing Technique

The wideband timing technique enables the high-precision simultaneous estimation of pulsar Times of Arrival (ToAs) and Dispersion Measures (DMs) while effectively modeling frequency-dependent profile evolution. We present two novel independent methods that extend the standard wideband technique to handle simultaneous multi-band pulsar data incorporating profile evolution over a larger frequency span to estimate DMs and ToAs with enhanced precision. We implement the wideband likelihood using the libstempo python interface to perform wideband timing in the tempo2 framework. We present the application of these techniques to the dataset of fourteen millisecond pulsars observed simultaneously in Band 3 (300 - 500 MHz) and Band 5 (1260 - 1460 MHz) of the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) with a large band gap of 760 MHz as a part of the Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA) campaign. We achieve increased ToA and DM precision and sub-microsecond root mean square post-fit timing residuals by combining simultaneous multi-band pulsar observations done in non-contiguous bands for the first time using our novel techniques.

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arXiv2023

FRB 20210405I: a nearby Fast Radio Burst localised to sub-arcsecond precision with MeerKAT

We present the first sub-arcsecond localised Fast Radio Burst (FRB) detected using MeerKAT. FRB 20210405I was detected in the incoherent beam using the MeerTRAP pipeline on 2021 April 05 with a signal to noise ratio of 140.8 and a dispersion measure of 565.17 pc cm$^{-3}$. It was detected while MeerTRAP was observing commensally with the ThunderKAT large survey project, and was sufficiently bright that we could use the ThunderKAT 8s images to localise the FRB. Two different models of the dispersion measure in the Milky Way and halo suggest that the source is either right at the edge of the Galaxy, or outside. This highlights the uncertainty in the Milky Way dispersion measure models, particularly in the Galactic Plane, and the uncertainty of Milky Way halo models. Further investigation and modelling of these uncertainties will be facilitated by future detections and localisations of nearby FRBs. We use the combined localisation, dispersion measure, scattering, specific luminosity and chance coincidence probability information to find that the origin is most likely extra-galactic and identify the likely host galaxy of the FRB: 2MASS J1701249$-$4932475. Using SALT spectroscopy and archival observations of the field, we find that the host is a disk/spiral galaxy at a redshift of $z=0.066$.

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arXiv2023

Noise analysis of the Indian Pulsar Timing Array data release I

The Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA) collaboration has recently made its first official data release (DR1) for a sample of 14 pulsars using 3.5 years of uGMRT observations. We present the results of single-pulsar noise analysis for each of these 14 pulsars using the InPTA DR1. For this purpose, we consider white noise, achromatic red noise, dispersion measure (DM) variations, and scattering variations in our analysis. We apply Bayesian model selection to obtain the preferred noise models among these for each pulsar. For PSR J1600$-$3053, we find no evidence of DM and scattering variations, while for PSR J1909$-$3744, we find no significant scattering variations. Properties vary dramatically among pulsars. For example, we find a strong chromatic noise with chromatic index $\sim$ 2.9 for PSR J1939+2134, indicating the possibility of a scattering index that doesn't agree with that expected for a Kolmogorov scattering medium consistent with similar results for millisecond pulsars in past studies. Despite the relatively short time baseline, the noise models broadly agree with the other PTAs and provide, at the same time, well-constrained DM and scattering variations.

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arXiv2023

The Green Bank North Celestial Cap Survey. VIII. 21 New Pulsar Timing Solutions

We present timing solutions for 21 pulsars discovered in 350 MHz surveys using the Green Bank Telescope (GBT). All were discovered in the Green Bank North Celestial Cap pulsar survey, with the exception of PSR J0957-0619, which was found in the GBT 350 MHz Drift-scan pulsar survey. The majority of our timing observations were made with the GBT at 820 MHz. With a spin period of 37 ms and a 528-day orbit, PSR J0032+6946 joins a small group of five other mildly recycled wide binary pulsars, for which the duration of recycling through accretion is limited by the length of the companion's giant phase. PSRs J0141+6303 and J1327+3423 are new disrupted recycled pulsars. We incorporate Arecibo observations from the NANOGrav pulsar timing array into our analysis of the latter. We also observed PSR J1327+3423 with the Long Wavelength Array, and our data suggest a frequency-dependent dispersion measure. PSR J0957-0619 was discovered as a rotating radio transient, but is a nulling pulsar at 820 MHz. PSR J1239+3239 is a new millisecond pulsar (MSP) in a 4-day orbit with a low-mass companion. Four of our pulsars already have published timing solutions, which we update in this work: the recycled wide binary PSR J0214+5222, the non-eclipsing black widow PSR J0636+5128, the disrupted recycled pulsar J1434+7257, and the eclipsing binary MSP J1816+4510, which is in an 8.7 hr orbit with a redback-mass companion.

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arXiv2022

The Green Bank North Celestial Cap Survey. VII. 12 New Pulsar Timing Solutions

We present timing solutions for 12 pulsars discovered in the Green Bank North Celestial Cap (GBNCC) 350 MHz pulsar survey, including six millisecond pulsars (MSPs), a double neutron star (DNS) system, and a pulsar orbiting a massive white dwarf companion. Timing solutions presented here include 350 and 820 MHz Green Bank Telescope data from initial confirmation and follow-up as well as a dedicated timing campaign spanning one year. PSR J1122$-$3546 is an isolated MSP, PSRs J1221$-$0633 and J1317$-$0157 are MSPs in black widow systems and regularly exhibit eclipses, and PSRs J2022+2534 and J2039$-$3616 are MSPs that can be timed with high precision and have been included in pulsar timing array experiments seeking to detect low-frequency gravitational waves. PSRs J1221$-$0633 and J2039$-$3616 have Fermi Large Area Telescope $γ$-ray counterparts and also exhibit significant $γ$-ray pulsations. We measure proper motion for three of the MSPs in this sample and estimate their space velocities, which are typical compared to those of other MSPs. We have detected the advance of periastron for PSR J1018$-$1523 and therefore measure the total mass of the double neutron star system, $m_{\rm tot}=2.3\pm0.3$ M$_{\odot}$. Long-term pulsar timing with data spanning more than one year is critical for classifying recycled pulsars, carrying out detailed astrometry studies, and shedding light on the wealth of information in these systems post-discovery.

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arXiv2022

The Indian Pulsar Timing Array: First data release

We present the pulse arrival times and high-precision dispersion measure estimates for 14 millisecond pulsars observed simultaneously in the 300-500 MHz and 1260-1460 MHz frequency bands using the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT). The data spans over a baseline of 3.5 years (2018-2021), and is the first official data release made available by the Indian Pulsar Timing Array collaboration. This data release presents a unique opportunity for investigating the interstellar medium effects at low radio frequencies and their impact on the timing precision of pulsar timing array experiments. In addition to the dispersion measure time series and pulse arrival times obtained using both narrowband and wideband timing techniques, we also present the dispersion measure structure function analysis for selected pulsars. Our ongoing investigations regarding the frequency dependence of dispersion measures have been discussed. Based on the preliminary analysis for five millisecond pulsars, we do not find any conclusive evidence of chromaticity in dispersion measures. Data from regular simultaneous two-frequency observations are presented for the first time in this work. This distinctive feature leads us to the highest precision dispersion measure estimates obtained so far for a subset of our sample. Simultaneous multi-band uGMRT observations in Band 3 and Band 5 are crucial for high-precision dispersion measure estimation and for the prospect of expanding the overall frequency coverage upon the combination of data from the various Pulsar Timing Array consortia in the near future. Parts of the data presented in this work are expected to be incorporated into the upcoming third data release of the International Pulsar Timing Array.

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