arXiv subjects

Md. Naimuddin

Publications and source records attributed to Md. Naimuddin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2022

The Qualification of GEM detector and its application to Imaging

The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) is a new age detector, which can handle the high flux of particles. The GEM foil, which is constructed using 50$\mu$m highly insulating foil (Kapton/Apical) coated with 5$\mu$m layers of copper, on both sides, with a network of specifically shaped holes is the major component of these detectors. The European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) has been the sole supplier of the GEM foils until recently when a few other companies started manufacturing GEM foils under the transfer of technology (TOT) agrement from CERN. Techtra is one such company in Europe which gained a right to use CERN developed technology in order to produce commercially viable GEM foils. Micropack Pvt. Ltd. is another company in India which has successfully manufactured good quality GEM foils. Due to the microscopic structure of holes and dependence on the electric field inside, it becomes essential to study the defect and uniformity of holes along with the electrical property of foils under ambient conditions. In this work we are reporting the tests condition of Techtra GEM foils. We report on the development of a cost effective and efficient technique to study the GEM foils holes geometry, distribution, and defects. We also report on the electrical properties of these foils like leakage current, stability, and discharges. At the detector level, we describe the high voltage (HV) response, gain, uniformity, and stability. The GEMs have been proposed to have a wider applications, so we performed a feasibility study to utilize these for the imaging. We irrediated various objects of varying density with X-rays and reconstructed the images. The reconstructed image shows a good distinction between materials of different densities, which can be very useful in various applications like medical imaging or cargo imaging.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2020

Independent measurement of Muon neutrino and anti-neutrino oscillations at the INO-ICAL Experiment

The magnetised Iron Calorimeter detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) has a unique feature to identify the neutrinos and antineutrinos on an event by event basis. This feature can be harnessed to detect the differences between the oscillation parameters of neutrinos and antineutrinos independently. In this paper, we analysed Charged Current $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\overline{\nu}_{\mu}$ events under the influence of earth matter effect using three neutrino flavor oscillation framework. If the atmospheric mass-squared differences and mixing parameters for neutrinos are different from antineutrinos, we present the prospects for the experimental observation of these differences in atmospheric $\nu$ and $\overline \nu_{\mu}$ oscillations at INO. We estimate the detector sensitivity to confirm a non-zero difference in the mass-squared splittings ($|\Delta m^{2}_{32}|-|\Delta\overline{m^{2}}_{32}|$) for neutrinos and antineutrinos.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2019

Stability tests performed on the triple GEM detector built using commercially manufactured GEM foils in India

The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology is based on thin polymer foils cladded with copper on both the sides with a regular matrix of holes. Due to the limited manufacturing capacity of CERN, these GEM foils are now commercially manufactured also by Micropack Pvt. Ltd., a company based in India. In order to gain an insight on the behaviour of detectors built using the foils from Micropack, it is important to study various long and short term effects on these foils due to the applied voltage as well as the flux of the incident particles. In this paper, we report the effect on gain stability of triple GEM detectors due to the polarising field induced by X-rays on the polyimide foils. Also, reducing the size of the amplifying structure to the microscopic scale results in a quick mitigation of the space charge effects which in turn helps in attaining a stable gain at very high incident flux. We report on the measurements of variations in the effective gain at very high particle flux of the order of $ \rm MHz/mm^2$

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2018

Impact of Single-Mask Hole Asymmetry on the Properties of GEM Detectors

A single-mask Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technique overcomes the cumbersome practice of alignment of two masks and allows the production of foils with very large area as needed for the CMS muon forward region upgrade. However, the holes obtained with refinements in the single-mask technique are asymmetrically bi-conical in shape compared to symmetrically bi-conical holes of double-mask technology. The hole geometry and their uniformity define the performance of the detectors which are constructed with such GEM foils. To evaluate the effect of this asymmetry, the foils have been characterized experimentally using a special prototype with three single-mask GEM foils. The structure allowed to change the orientation of foils, testing from above with foils having a large hole opening, testing from the bottom with all the foils having small hole opening. The effective gain, energy resolution and the charging up behavior are compared for the two different hole orientations.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2018

Performance of the triple GEM detector built using commercially manufactured GEM foils in India

The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors has been utilized for various applications due to their excellent spatial resolution, high rate capabilities and flexibility in design. The GEM detectors stand as a promising device to be used in nuclear and particle physics experiments. Many future experiments and upgrades are looking forward to use this technology leading to high demand of GEM foils. Until now, CERN is the only reliable manufacturer and distributor of GEM foils, but with technology transfer, few other industries across the globe have started manufacturing these foils employing the same photo-lithographic technique. The Micropack Pvt. Ltd. is one such industry in India which produced first few $10~cm ~\times~ 10~cm$ GEM foils, which were then distributed to few collaborating partners for testing reliability and performance of foils before they can be accepted by the scientific community. Characterization of three such foils have already been performed by studying their optical and electrical properties. Using these foils a triple GEM detector has been built and various performance characteristics have been measured. In this paper, we specifically report measurements on gain, resolution and response uniformity, by utilizing local quality control set-ups existing at University of Delhi.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2018

Development, Characterization and Qualification of first GEM foils produced in India

The increasing demand for Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) foils has been driven by their application in many current and proposed high-energy physics experiments. Micropack, a Bengaluru-based company, has established and commercialized GEM foils for the first time in India. Micropack used the double-mask etching technique to successfully produce 10 cm $\times$ 10 cm GEM foil. In this paper, we report on the development as well as the geometrical and electrical properties of these foils, including the size uniformity of the holes and leakage current measurements. Our characterization studies show that the foils are of good quality and satisfy all the necessary quality control criteria.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2017

Timing and Charge measurement of single gap Resistive Plate Chamber Detectors for INO-ICAL Experiment

The recently approved India-based Neutrino Observatory will use the world's largest magnet to study atmospheric muon neutrinos. The 50 kiloton Iron Calorimeter consists of iron alternating with single-gap resistive plate chambers. A uniform magnetic field of $\sim$1.5 T is produced in the iron using toroidal-shaped copper coils. Muon neutrinos interact with the iron target to produce charged muons, which are detected by the resistive plate chambers, and tracked using orthogonal pick up strips. Timing information for each layer is used to discriminate between upward and downward traveling muons. The design of the readout electronics for the detector depends critically on an accurate model of the charge induced by the muons, and the dependence on bias voltages. In this paper, we present timing and charge response measurements using prototype detectors under different operating conditions. We also report the effect of varying gas mixture, particularly $SF_6$, on the timing response.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2017

Search for the differences in Atmospheric Neutrinos and Antineutrinos oscillation parameters at the INO-ICAL Experiment

In this paper, we present a study to measure the differences between the atmospheric neutrino and anti-neutrino oscillations in the Iron-Calorimeter detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory experiment. Charged Current $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\overline{\nu}_{\mu}$ interactions with the detector under the influence of earth matter effect have been simulated for ten years of exposure. The observed $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\overline{\nu}_{\mu}$ events spectrum are separately binned into direction and energy bins, and a $\chi^{2}$ is minimised with respect to each bin to extract the oscillation parameters for $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\overline{\nu}_{\mu}$ separately. We then present the ICAL sensitivity to confirm a non-zero value of the difference in atmospheric mass squared of neutrino and anti-neutrino i.e. $|\Delta m^{2}_{32}|-|\Delta\overline{m^{2}}_{32}|$.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2016

Development and Commissioning of the HARDROC based Readout for the INO-ICAL Experiment

Glass based Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are going to be used as an active element in the Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) experiment at the India based Neutrino Observatory (INO), which is being constructed to study atmospheric neutrinos. Though the RPC detector operational parameters are more or less finalized, the readout electronics is being developed using various technologies. The ICAL experiment will consist of about 29,000 RPC detectors of 2 m $\times$ 2 m in size with each detector having 64 readout channels both in the X and Y directions. The present study focusses on multi-channel electronics based on SiGe 350 nm technology as an option for the INO-ICAL RPC detectors. The study includes commissioning and usage of frontend application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) HARDROC chip in which 64 channels are handled independently to perform zero suppression. We present first testbench results using the HARDROC chip with the aim to use it finally in the ICAL experiment.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2015

Development of a proton Computed Tomography Detector System

Computer tomography is one of the most promising new methods to image abnormal tissues inside the human body. Tomography is also used to position the patient accurately before radiation therapy. Hadron therapy for treating cancer has become one of the most advantageous and safe options. In order to fully utilize the advantages of hadron therapy, there is a necessity of performing radiography with hadrons as well. In this paper we present the development of a proton computed tomography system. Our second-generation proton tomography system consists of two upstream and two downstream trackers made up of fibers as active material and a range detector consisting of plastic scintillators. We present details of the detector system, readout electronics, and data acquisition system as well as the commissioning of the entire system. We also present preliminary results from the test beam of the range detector.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2015

Physics Potential of the ICAL detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)

The upcoming 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is designed to study the atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos separately over a wide range of energies and path lengths. The primary focus of this experiment is to explore the Earth matter effects by observing the energy and zenith angle dependence of the atmospheric neutrinos in the multi-GeV range. This study will be crucial to address some of the outstanding issues in neutrino oscillation physics, including the fundamental issue of neutrino mass hierarchy. In this document, we present the physics potential of the detector as obtained from realistic detector simulations. We describe the simulation framework, the neutrino interactions in the detector, and the expected response of the detector to particles traversing it. The ICAL detector can determine the energy and direction of the muons to a high precision, and in addition, its sensitivity to multi-GeV hadrons increases its physics reach substantially. Its charge identification capability, and hence its ability to distinguish neutrinos from antineutrinos, makes it an efficient detector for determining the neutrino mass hierarchy. In this report, we outline the analyses carried out for the determination of neutrino mass hierarchy and precision measurements of atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters at ICAL, and give the expected physics reach of the detector with 10 years of runtime. We also explore the potential of ICAL for probing new physics scenarios like CPT violation and the presence of magnetic monopoles.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Characterization of 3 mm Glass Electrodes and Development of RPC Detectors for $INO-ICAL$ Experiment

India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a multi-institutional facility, planned to be built up in South India. The INO facility will host a 51 kton magnetized Iron CALorimeter (ICAL) detector to study atmospheric muon neutrinos. Iron plates have been chosen as the target material whereas Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) have been chosen as the active detector element for the ICAL experiment. Due to the large number of RPCs needed ($\sim$ 28,000 of $2~m \times 2~m$ in size) for ICAL experiment and for the long lifetime of the experiment, it is necessary to perform a detailed $R\&D$ such that each and every parameter of the detector performance can be optimized to improve the physics output. In this paper, we report on the detailed material and electrical properties studies for various types of glass electrodes available locally. We also report on the performance studies carried out on the RPCs made with these electrodes as well as the effect of gas composition and environmental temperature on the detector performance. We also lay emphasis on the usage of materials for RPC electrodes and the suitable enviormental conditions applicable for operating the RPC detector for optimal physics output at INO-ICAL experiment.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Characterisation of Glass Electrodes and RPC Detectors for $INO-ICAL$ Experiment

India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a planned neutrino experiment to be build up in southern part of India.The INO observatory will host a 51 kton Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector to detect atmospheric neutrinos. Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) has been chosen as the active detector element for the ICAL experiment. The ICAL experiment will consist of about 28,000 RPC's of dimension $2~m\times 2~m$, divided into three modules. The experiment is planned to take data at least for 20 years from its start date. Due to the large number of RPC needed for ICAL experiment and the long lifetime of the experiment, it is necessary to carry out detailed $R\&D$ to optimise each and every parameter of the detector performance. We report on the performance studies carried out on the RPC's made with these electrodes, and finally compare the detector performance with that of the material properties to optimise the detector parameters.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

Study of RPC bakelite electrodes and detector performance for INO-ICAL

The Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are going to be used as the active detectors in the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)-Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) experiment for the detection and study of atmospheric neutrinos. In this paper, an extensive study of structural and electrical properties for different kind of bakelite RPC electrodes is presented. RPCs fabricated from these electrodes are tested for their detector efficiency and noise rate. The study concludes with the variation of efficiency, leakage current and counting rate over the period of operation with different gas compositions and operational conditions like temperature and relative humidity.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2014

The sensitivity of the ICAL detector at India-based Neutrino Observatory to neutrino oscillation parameters

The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) will host a 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector that will be able to detect muon tracks and hadron showers produced by Charged-Current muon neutrino interactions in the detector. The ICAL experiment will be able to determine the precision of atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters and neutrino mass hierarchy using atmospheric muon neutrinos through earth matter effect. In this paper, we report on the sensitivity for the atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters ($\sin^{2}\theta_{23}$ and $|\Delta m^{2}_{32}|$) for the ICAL detector using the reconstructed neutrino energy and muon direction as observables. We apply realistic resolutions and efficiencies obtained by the ICAL collaboration with a GEANT4-based simulation to reconstruct neutrino energy and muon direction. Our study shows that using neutrino energy and muon direction as observables for a $\chi^{2}$ analysis, ICAL detector can measure $\sin^{2}\theta_{23}$ and $|\Delta m^{2}_{32}|$ with 13% and 4% uncertainties at 1$\sigma$ confidence level for 10 years of exposure.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2014

Simulation studies of hadron energy resolution as a function of iron plate thickness at INO-ICAL

We report on a detailed simulation study of the hadron energy resolution as a function of the thickness of the absorber plates for the proposed Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO). We compare the hadron resolutions obtained with absorber thicknesses in the range 1.5--8 cm for neutrino interactions in the energy range 2--15 GeV, which is relevant to hadron production in atmospheric neutrino interactions. We find that at lower energies, the thickness dependence of energy resolution is steeper than at higher energies, however there is a thickness-independent contribution that dominates at the lower thicknesses discussed in this work. As a result, the gain in hadron energy resolution with decreasing plate thickness is marginal. We present the results in the form of fits to a function with energy-dependent exponent.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Hadron energy response of the Iron Calorimeter detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory

The results of a Monte Carlo simulation study of the hadron energy response for the magnetized Iron CALorimeter detector, ICAL, proposed to be located at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is presented. Using a GEANT4 modeling of the detector ICAL, interactions of atmospheric neutrinos with target nuclei are simulated. The detector response to hadrons propagating through it is investigated using the hadron hit multiplicity in the active detector elements. The detector response to charged pions of fixed energy is studied first, followed by the average response to the hadrons produced in atmospheric neutrino interactions using events simulated with the NUANCE event generator. The shape of the hit distribution is observed to fit the Vavilov distribution, which reduces to a Gaussian at high energies. In terms of the parameters of this distribution, we present the hadron energy resolution as a function of hadron energy, and the calibration of hadron energy as a function of the hit multiplicity. The energy resolution for hadrons is found to be in the range 85% (for 1GeV) -- 36% (for 15 GeV).

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2012

Model Unspecific Search in CMS

We present the results of a model independent analysis, which systematically scans the data taken by CMS for deviations from the Standard Model predictions. Due to the minimal theoretical bias this approach is sensitive to a variety of models for new physics. Events with at least one electron or muon are classified according to their content of reconstructed objects (muons, electrons, photons, jets and missing transverse energy). A broad scan of three kinematic distributions in those classes is performed by identifying deviations from Standard Model expectations, accounting for systematic uncertainties.

hep-ex↗