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Mia S. Lundkvist

Publications and source records attributed to Mia S. Lundkvist.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Granulation signatures as seen by Kepler short-cadence data. II. A hierarchical route to inferring stellar radii from granulation

Stellar granulation arises from near-surface convection and is imprinted in stellar photometric time series, yet links between granulation observables and fundamental stellar properties remain underexploited. We aim to establish a statistically robust framework for inferring stellar radii directly from granulation signals in long-duration space-based photometry, aided by atmospheric parameters. We construct a Bayesian hierarchical model to connect stellar radius and granulation, relating radius through regression to the total granulation amplitude, primary characteristic frequency of the granulation, stellar effective temperature, and surface metallicity. The derivation is performed separately for three granulation models, propagating the marginal posteriors of the granulation parameters to account for intrinsic dispersion of the derived relations. Each background model yields a unique radius posterior, subsequently combined using Bayesian evidences as weights, producing posteriors that best represent the given star. The granulation-radius relations were derived from a heterogeneous sample of 363 stars, combining seismic and interferometric targets from multiple sources. Application to an independent sample of 367 stars recovers the reference radii within $1σ$ in ${\approx}73\%$ of cases. The distribution of residuals is consistent with a well-calibrated and unbiased inference. Across applications, the granulation-inferred radii achieve a precision of ${\approx}10\%$. The agreement with seismic and interferometric benchmarks demonstrates that granulation carries predictive information on stellar radii at a level comparable to several established techniques. Using granulation as a structural diagnostic enables the inference of stellar radii from granulation signals across diverse stellar populations; directly applicable to data from Kepler, TESS, and the upcoming ESA PLATO mission.

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Granulation signatures as seen by Kepler short-cadence data. I. A decoupling between granulation and oscillation timescales for dwarfs

Granulation is the observable signature of convection in envelopes of low-mass stars, forming the background in stellar power spectra. While well-studied in evolved giants, granulation on the MS has received less attention. We here study and characterise granulation signatures of MS and SGB stars, extending previous studies of giants to provide a continuous physical picture across evolutionary stages. We analyse 753 Kepler short-cadence stars using a Bayesian nested-sampling framework to evaluate three background descriptions and compare model preferences. This yields full posterior distributions for all parameters, enabling robust comparisons across a diverse stellar sample. No universal preference between background models is found. Assuming a Gaussian oscillation envelope, $ν_\mathrm{max}$ estimates are sensitive to model misspecification, with the resulting systematics exceeding the formal uncertainties. The envelope width scales with $ν_\mathrm{max}$ across models and shows a dependence on effective temperature. Total granulation amplitudes in dwarfs broadly follow giant-based scalings, however a decoupling appears between the timescale of the primary granulation and the oscillations for MS stars cooler than the Sun. The prolonged granulation timescale is reproduced by 3D simulations of a K-dwarf, driven by reduced convective velocities due to more efficient convective energy transport in denser envelopes. The prolonged granulation timescale increases the frequency separation to the oscillation excess, potentially aiding seismic detectability, while the reduced convective velocities may influence the excitation of stellar oscillations and relate to the low amplitudes observed in cool dwarfs. Finally, we contribute a dataset linking granulation, oscillations, and stellar parameters, providing a foundation for future investigations into their interdependence across the HR diagram.

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Asteroseismology of the G8 subgiant beta Aquilae with SONG-Tenerife, SONG-Australia and TESS

We present time-series radial velocities of the G8 subgiant star beta Aql obtained in 2022 and 2023 using SONG-Tenerife and, for the first time, SONG-Australia. We also analyse a sector of TESS photometry that overlapped with the 2022 SONG data. The resulting power spectrum clearly shows solar-like oscillations centred at 430 muHz. The TESS light curve shows the oscillations at lower signal-to-noise, reflecting the fact that photometric measurements are much more affected by the granulation background than are radial velocities. The simultaneous observations in velocity and photometry represent the best such measurements for any star apart from the Sun. They allowed us to measure the ratio between the bolometric photometric amplitude and the velocity amplitude to be 26.6 +/- 3.1 ppm/(m/s). We measured this ratio for the Sun from published SOHO data to be 19.5 +/- 0.7 ppm/(m/s) and, after accounting for the difference in effective temperatures of and the Sun, these values align with expectations. In both the Sun and beta Aql, the photometry-to-velocity ratio appears to be a function of frequency. We also measured the phase shift of the oscillations in beta Aql between SONG and TESS to be -113 +/- 7 deg, which agrees with the value for the Sun and also with a 3-D simulation of a star with similar properties to beta Aql. Importantly for exoplanet searches, we argue that simultaneous photometry can be used to predict the contribution of oscillations to radial velocities. We measured frequencies for 22 oscillation modes in beta Aql and carried out asteroseismic modelling, yielding an excellent fit to the frequencies. We derived accurate values for the mass and age, and were able to place quite strong constraints on the mixing-length parameter. Finally, we show that the oscillation properties of beta Aql are very similar to stars in the open cluster M67.

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Granulation signatures in 3D hydrodynamical simulations: evaluating background model performance using a Bayesian nested sampling framework

Understanding the granulation background signal is of vital importance when interpreting the asteroseismic diagnostics of solar-like oscillators. Various descriptions exist in the literature for modelling the surface manifestation of convection, the choice of which affects our interpretations. We aim to evaluate the performance of and preference for various granulation background models for a suite of 3D hydrodynamical simulations of convection across the HR diagram, thereby expanding the number of simulations and coverage of parameter space for which such studies have been made. We take a statistical approach by considering the granulation in power density spectra of 3D simulations, where no biases or systematics of observational origin are present. To properly contrast the performance of the models, we develop a Bayesian nested sampling framework for model inference and comparison. This framework was extended to real stellar data using KIC 8006161 (Doris) and the Sun. We find that multi-component models are consistently preferred over a single-component model, with each tested multi-component model demonstrating merit in specific cases. This occurs for simulations with no magnetic activity, thus ruling out stellar faculae as the sole source of the second granulation component. Like a previous study, we find that a hybrid model with a single overall amplitude and two characteristic frequencies performs well for numerous simulations. Additionally, a tentative third granulation component beyond the value of $ν_\mathrm{max}$ is seen for some simulations, but its potential presence in observations requires further efforts. Studying the granulation signatures in these simulations paves the way to studying stars with accurate granulation models. This deeper understanding of the granulation signal may lead to complementary methods to existing algorithms for determining stellar parameters.

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Pushing the boundaries of asteroseismic individual frequency modelling: unveiling two evolved very-low metallicity red giants

Metal-poor stars are key to understanding the first stellar generation in the Galaxy. Asteroseismic characterisation of red giants has traditionally relied on global seismic parameters, not the full spectrum of individual oscillation modes. Here, we present the first characterisation of two evolved very metal-poor stars, including the detailed mixed-mode patterns. We demonstrate that incorporating individual frequencies into grid-based modelling of red-giant stars enhances its precision, enabling detailed studies of these ancient stars and allowing us to infer the stellar properties of two $[\mathrm{Fe}/\mathrm{H}]{\sim}{-}2.5$ dex Kepler stars: KIC 4671239 and KIC 7693833. Recent developments in both observational and theoretical asteroseismology allows for detailed studies of the complex oscillation pattern of evolved giants. We employ Kepler time series and surface properties from high-resolution spectroscopic data to asteroseismically characterise the two stars using the BAyesian STellar Algorithm, BASTA. Both stars show agreement between constraints from seismic and classical observables; an overlap unrecoverable when purely considering the global seismic parameters. KIC 4671239 and KIC 7693833 were determined to have masses of $0.78^{+0.04}_{-0.03}$ and $0.83^{+0.03}_{-0.01} M_{\odot}$ with ages of $12.1^{+1.6}_{-1.5}$ and $10.3^{+0.6}_{-1.4}$ Gyr, respectively. A $\sim10$% discrepancy between observed and modelled $ν_{\mathrm{max}}$ suggests a metallicity dependence of its scaling relation, leading to overestimated masses and incorrect age inferences for metal-poor stars. Utilising the full spectrum of individual oscillation modes, we circumvent the dependence on the asteroseismic scaling relations, providing direct constraints on the stars themselves, pushing the boundaries of state-of-the-art detailed modelling of evolved stars at metallicities far different from solar.

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Realising efficient computation of individual frequencies for red-giant models

In order to improve the asteroseismic modelling efforts for red-giant stars, the numerical computation of theoretical individual oscillation modes for evolved red-giant models has to be made feasible. We aim to derive a method for circumventing the computational cost of computing oscillation spectra for models of red-giant stars with an average large frequency separation $Δν<15$ $μ$Hz, thereby allowing for asteroseismic investigations of giants utilising individual frequencies. The proposed Truncated Scanning Method serves as a novel method detailing how the observable individual $l=0,1,2$ frequencies of red giants may be computed on realistic timescales through so-called model truncation. By carefully removing the innermost region of the stellar models, the g-mode influence on the oscillation spectra may be avoided, allowing estimation of the observable regions from the resulting pure p-mode oscillations. The appropriate observable frequency regions are subsequently scanned for the complete and un-truncated stellar model. The observable regions are determined by considering the limitations on observability from the internal mode coupling and damping, yielding consistent frequency spectra obtained at a much reduced computational cost. The Truncated Scanning Method proves the feasibility of obtaining the individual frequencies of red-giant models for a wide range of applications and research, demonstrating an improved computational efficiency by a factor of 10 or better. This means that the inclusion of $l=1,2$ individual frequencies is now a possibility in future asteroseismic modelling efforts of red-giant stars. Further potential avenues for improvements to this method are outlined for future pursuits.

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The BANANA Project. VII. High Eccentricity Predicts Spin-Orbit Misalignment in Binaries

The degree of spin-orbit alignment in a population of binary stars can be determined from measurements of their orbital inclinations and rotational broadening of their spectral lines. Alignment in a face-on binary guarantees low rotational broadening, while alignment in an edge-on binary maximizes the rotational broadening. In contrast, if spin-orbit angles ($ψ$) are random, rotational broadening should not depend on orbital inclination. Using this technique, we investigated a sample of 2{,}727 astrometric binaries from Gaia DR3 with F-type primaries and orbital periods between 50 and 1000 days (separations 0.3--2.7~au). We found that $ψ$ is strongly associated with $e$, the orbital eccentricity. When $e<0.15$, the mean spin-orbit angle is $\langleψ\rangle = 6.9_{-4.1}^{+5.4}$\,degrees, while for $e>0.7$, it rises to $\langleψ\rangle = 46_{-24}^{+26}$\,degrees. These results suggest that some binaries are affected by processes during their formation or evolution that excite both orbital eccentricity and inclination.

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Low-amplitude solar-like oscillations in the K5 V star $\varepsilon$ Indi A

We have detected solar-like oscillations in the mid K-dwarf $\varepsilon$ Indi A, making it the coolest dwarf to have measured oscillations. The star is noteworthy for harboring a pair of brown dwarf companions and a Jupiter-type planet. We observed $\varepsilon$ Indi A during two radial velocity campaigns, using the high-resolution spectrographs HARPS (2011) and UVES (2021). Weighting the time series, we computed the power spectra and established the detection of solar-like oscillations with a power excess located at $5265 \pm 110 \ μ$Hz -- the highest frequency solar-like oscillations so far measured in any star. The measurement of the center of the power excess allows us to compute a stellar mass of $0.782 \pm 0.023 \ M_\odot$ based on scaling relations and a known radius from interferometry. We also determine the amplitude of the peak power and note that there is a slight difference between the two observing campaigns, indicating a varying activity level. Overall, this work confirms that low-amplitude solar-like oscillations can be detected in mid-K type stars in radial velocity measurements obtained with high-precision spectrographs.

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TESS Asteroseismic Analysis of HD 76920: The Giant Star Hosting An Extremely Eccentric Exoplanet

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission searches for new exoplanets. The observing strategy of TESS results in high-precision photometry of millions of stars across the sky, allowing for detailed asteroseismic studies of individual systems. In this work, we present a detailed asteroseismic analysis of the giant star HD 76920 hosting a highly eccentric giant planet ($e = 0.878$) with an orbital period of 415 days, using 5 sectors of TESS light curve that cover around 140 days of data. Solar-like oscillations in HD 76920 are detected around $52 \, μ$Hz by TESS for the first time. By utilizing asteroseismic modeling that takes classical observational parameters and stellar oscillation frequencies as constraints, we determine improved measurements of the stellar mass ($1.22 \pm 0.11\, M_\odot$), radius ($8.68 \pm 0.34\,R_\odot$), and age ($5.2 \pm 1.4\,$Gyr). With the updated parameters of the host star, we update the semi-major axis and mass of the planet as $a=1.165 \pm 0.035$ au and $M_{\rm p}\sin{i} = 3.57 \pm 0.22\,M_{\rm Jup}$. With an orbital pericenter of $0.142 \pm 0.005$ au, we confirm that the planet is currently far away enough from the star to experience negligible tidal decay until being engulfed in the stellar envelope. We also confirm that this event will occur within about 100\,Myr, depending on the stellar model used.

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TESS Asteroseismology of $α$ Mensae: Benchmark Ages for a G7 Dwarf and its M-dwarf Companion

Asteroseismology of bright stars has become increasingly important as a method to determine fundamental properties (in particular ages) of stars. The Kepler Space Telescope initiated a revolution by detecting oscillations in more than 500 main-sequence and subgiant stars. However, most Kepler stars are faint, and therefore have limited constraints from independent methods such as long-baseline interferometry. Here, we present the discovery of solar-like oscillations in $α$ Men A, a naked-eye (V=5.1) G7 dwarf in TESS's Southern Continuous Viewing Zone. Using a combination of astrometry, spectroscopy, and asteroseismology, we precisely characterize the solar analog alpha Men A (Teff = 5569 +/- 62 K, R = 0.960 +/- 0.016 Rsun, M = 0.964 +/- 0.045 Msun). To characterize the fully convective M dwarf companion, we derive empirical relations to estimate mass, radius, and temperature given the absolute Gaia magnitude and metallicity, yielding M = 0.169 +/- 0.006, R = 0.19 +/- 0.01 and Teff = 3054 +/- 44 K. Our asteroseismic age of 6.2 +/- 1.4 (stat) +/- 0.6 (sys) Gyr for the primary places $α$ Men B within a small population of M dwarfs with precisely measured ages. We combined multiple ground-based spectroscopy surveys to reveal an activity cycle of 13.1 +/- 1.1 years, a period similar to that observed in the Sun. We used different gyrochronology models with the asteroseismic age to estimate a rotation period of ~30 days for the primary. Alpha Men A is now the closest (d=10pc) solar analog with a precise asteroseismic age from space-based photometry, making it a prime target for next-generation direct imaging missions searching for true Earth analogs.

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A 20-Second Cadence View of Solar-Type Stars and Their Planets with TESS: Asteroseismology of Solar Analogs and a Re-characterization of pi Men c

We present an analysis of the first 20-second cadence light curves obtained by the TESS space telescope during its extended mission. We find a precision improvement of 20-second data compared to 2-minute data for bright stars when binned to the same cadence (~10-25% better for T<~8 mag, reaching equal precision at T~13 mag), consistent with pre-flight expectations based on differences in cosmic ray mitigation algorithms. We present two results enabled by this improvement. First, we use 20-second data to detect oscillations in three solar analogs (gamma Pav, zeta Tuc and pi Men) and use asteroseismology to measure their radii, masses, densities and ages to ~1%, ~3%, ~1% and ~20% respectively, including systematic errors. Combining our asteroseismic ages with chromospheric activity measurements we find evidence that the spread in the activity-age relation is linked to stellar mass and thus convection-zone depth. Second, we combine 20-second data and published radial velocities to re-characterize pi Men c, which is now the closest transiting exoplanet for which detailed asteroseismology of the host star is possible. We show that pi Men c is located at the upper edge of the planet radius valley for its orbital period, confirming that it has likely retained a volatile atmosphere and that the "asteroseismic radius valley" remains devoid of planets. Our analysis favors a low eccentricity for pi Men c (<0.1 at 68% confidence), suggesting efficient tidal dissipation (Q/k <~ 2400) if it formed via high-eccentricity migration. Combined, these early results demonstrate the strong potential of TESS 20-second cadence data for stellar astrophysics and exoplanet science.

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The signature of granulation in a solar power spectrum as seen with CO$^5$BOLD

The granulation background seen in the power spectrum of a solar-like oscillator poses a serious challenge for extracting precise and detailed information about the stellar oscillations. Using a 3D hydrodynamical simulation of the Sun computed with CO$^5$BOLD, we investigate various background models to infer, using a Bayesian methodology, which one provides the best fit to the background in the simulated power spectrum. We find that the best fit is provided by an expression including the overall power level and two characteristic frequencies, one with an exponent of 2 and one with a free exponent taking on a value around 6. We assess the impact of the 3D hydro-code on this result by repeating the analysis with a simulation from Stagger and find that the main conclusion is unchanged. However, the details of the resulting best fits differ slightly between the two codes, but we explain this difference by studying the effect of the spatial resolution and the duration of the simulation on the fit. Additionally, we look into the impact of adding white noise to the simulated time series as a simple way to mimic a real star. We find that, as long as the noise level is not too low, the results are consistent with the no-noise case.

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Detection and characterisation of oscillating red giants: first results from the TESS satellite

Since the onset of the `space revolution' of high-precision high-cadence photometry, asteroseismology has been demonstrated as a powerful tool for informing Galactic archaeology investigations. The launch of the NASA TESS mission has enabled seismic-based inferences to go full sky -- providing a clear advantage for large ensemble studies of the different Milky Way components. Here we demonstrate its potential for investigating the Galaxy by carrying out the first asteroseismic ensemble study of red giant stars observed by TESS. We use a sample of 25 stars for which we measure their global asteroseimic observables and estimate their fundamental stellar properties, such as radius, mass, and age. Significant improvements are seen in the uncertainties of our estimates when combining seismic observables from TESS with astrometric measurements from the Gaia mission compared to when the seismology and astrometry are applied separately. Specifically, when combined we show that stellar radii can be determined to a precision of a few percent, masses to 5-10% and ages to the 20% level. This is comparable to the precision typically obtained using end-of-mission Kepler data

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Age dating of an early Milky Way merger via asteroseismology of the naked-eye star $ν$ Indi

Over the course of its history, the Milky Way has ingested multiple smaller satellite galaxies. While these accreted stellar populations can be forensically identified as kinematically distinct structures within the Galaxy, it is difficult in general to precisely date the age at which any one merger occurred. Recent results have revealed a population of stars that were accreted via the collision of a dwarf galaxy, called \textit{Gaia}-Enceladus, leading to a substantial pollution of the chemical and dynamical properties of the Milky Way. Here, we identify the very bright, naked-eye star $ν$\,Indi as a probe of the age of the early in situ population of the Galaxy. We combine asteroseismic, spectroscopic, astrometric, and kinematic observations to show that this metal-poor, alpha-element-rich star was an indigenous member of the halo, and we measure its age to be $11.0 \pm 0.7$ (stat) $\pm 0.8$ (sys)$\,\rm Gyr$. The star bears hallmarks consistent with it having been kinematically heated by the \textit{Gaia}-Enceladus collision. Its age implies that the earliest the merger could have begun was 11.6 and 13.2 Gyr ago at 68 and 95% confidence, respectively. Input from computations based on hierarchical cosmological models tightens (i.e. reduces) slightly the above limits.

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A Hot Saturn Orbiting An Oscillating Late Subgiant Discovered by TESS

We present the discovery of TOI-197.01, the first transiting planet identified by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) for which asteroseismology of the host star is possible. TOI-197 (HIP116158) is a bright (V=8.2 mag), spectroscopically classified subgiant which oscillates with an average frequency of about 430 muHz and displays a clear signature of mixed modes. The oscillation amplitude confirms that the redder TESS bandpass compared to Kepler has a small effect on the oscillations, supporting the expected yield of thousands of solar-like oscillators with TESS 2-minute cadence observations. Asteroseismic modeling yields a robust determination of the host star radius (2.943+/-0.064 Rsun), mass (1.212 +/- 0.074 Msun) and age (4.9+/-1.1 Gyr), and demonstrates that it has just started ascending the red-giant branch. Combining asteroseismology with transit modeling and radial-velocity observations, we show that the planet is a "hot Saturn" (9.17+/-0.33 Rearth) with an orbital period of ~14.3 days, irradiance of 343+/-24 Fearth, moderate mass (60.5 +/- 5.7 Mearth) and density (0.431+/-0.062 gcc). The properties of TOI-197.01 show that the host-star metallicity - planet mass correlation found in sub-Saturns (4-8 Rearth) does not extend to larger radii, indicating that planets in the transition between sub-Saturns and Jupiters follow a relatively narrow range of densities. With a density measured to ~15%, TOI-197.01 is one of the best characterized Saturn-sized planets to date, augmenting the small number of known transiting planets around evolved stars and demonstrating the power of TESS to characterize exoplanets and their host stars using asteroseismology.

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A giant impact as the likely origin of different twins in the Kepler-107 exoplanet system

Measures of exoplanet bulk densities indicate that small exoplanets with radius less than 3 Earth radii ($R_\oplus$) range from low-density sub-Neptunes containing volatile elements to higher density rocky planets with Earth-like or iron-rich (Mercury-like) compositions. Such astonishing diversity in observed small exoplanet compositions may be the product of different initial conditions of the planet-formation process and/or different evolutionary paths that altered the planetary properties after formation. Planet evolution may be especially affected by either photoevaporative mass loss induced by high stellar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) flux or giant impacts. Although there is some evidence for the former, there are no unambiguous findings so far about the occurrence of giant impacts in an exoplanet system. Here, we characterize the two innermost planets of the compact and near-resonant system Kepler-107. We show that they have nearly identical radii (about $1.5-1.6~R_\oplus$), but the outer planet Kepler-107c is more than twice as dense (about $12.6~\rm g\,cm^{-3}$) as the innermost Kepler-107b (about $5.3~\rm g\,cm^{-3}$). In consequence, Kepler-107c must have a larger iron core fraction than Kepler-107b. This imbalance cannot be explained by the stellar XUV irradiation, which would conversely make the more-irradiated and less-massive planet Kepler-107b denser than Kepler-107c. Instead, the dissimilar densities are consistent with a giant impact event on Kepler-107c that would have stripped off part of its silicate mantle. This hypothesis is supported by theoretical predictions from collisional mantle stripping, which match the mass and radius of Kepler-107c.

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The orbital eccentricity of small planet systems

We determine the orbital eccentricities of individual small Kepler planets, through a combination of asteroseismology and transit light-curve analysis. We are able to constrain the eccentricities of 51 systems with a single transiting planet, which supplement our previous measurements of 66 planets in multi-planet systems. Through a Bayesian hierarchical analysis, we find evidence that systems with only one detected transiting planet have a different eccentricity distribution than systems with multiple detected transiting planets. The eccentricity distribution of the single-transiting systems is well described by the positive half of a zero-mean Gaussian distribution with a dispersion $σ_e = 0.32 \pm 0.06$, while the multiple-transit systems are consistent with $σ_e = 0.083^{+0.015}_{-0.020}$. A mixture model suggests a fraction of $0.76^{+0.21}_{-0.12}$ of single-transiting systems have a moderate eccentricity, represented by a Rayleigh distribution that peaks at $0.26^{+0.04}_{-0.06}$. This finding may reflect differences in the formation pathways of systems with different numbers of transiting planets. We investigate the possibility that eccentricities are "self-excited" in closely packed planetary systems, as well as the influence of long-period giant companion planets. We find that both mechanisms can qualitatively explain the observations. We do not find any evidence for a correlation between eccentricity and stellar metallicity, as has been seen for giant planets. Neither do we find any evidence that orbital eccentricity is linked to the detection of a companion star. Along with this paper we make available all of the parameters and uncertainties in the eccentricity distributions, as well as the properties of individual systems, for use in future studies.

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Using asteroseismology to characterise exoplanet host stars

The last decade has seen a revolution in the field of asteroseismology - the study of stellar pulsations. It has become a powerful method to precisely characterise exoplanet host stars, and as a consequence also the exoplanets themselves. This synergy between asteroseismology and exoplanet science has flourished in large part due to space missions such as $\textit{Kepler}$, which have provided high-quality data that can be used for both types of studies. Perhaps the primary contribution from asteroseismology to the research on transiting exoplanets is the determination of very precise stellar radii that translate into precise planetary radii, but asteroseismology has also proven useful in constraining eccentricities of exoplanets as well as the dynamical architecture of planetary systems. In this contribution, we introduce some basic principles of asteroseismology and review current synergies between the two fields.

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