Towards the exploration of astrophysical datacubes through volumetric rendering within CARTA
Data products from astrophysical observations may contain three or more dimensions: most commonly two spatial dimensions and a third spectral dimension, and possibly additional axes such as polarisation or time. Visualising three-dimensional image data is particularly useful for analysing the kinematics and evolution of various objects; however, the large scale of data produced by next-generation observatories and the complexity of displaying 3D data on a 2D screen make visualisation challenging. In this article, we present a scalable and interactive 3D visualisation approach within the astronomy software CARTA. We implemented a prototype 3D rendering widget with ThreeJS and known techniques to improve efficiency (e.g. compression, downsampling) and found that large datacubes up to 128 GB can be visualised locally with a loading time of a few minutes. We analysed the performance in the frontend and in the backend, finding that the bottleneck of our implementation lies in the frontend. This is due to storing the data in a single array in the frontend, unlike in the backend, where it is accessed and sent in blocks. This study paves the way for making 3D visualisation of large datacubes available to the community by implementing a 3D rendering widget in a future release of CARTA.