Modelling ductile strain localization with evolutive stochastic rheologies
Plate Tectonics requires strain localization over the entire thickness of the plates. However, modelling strain localization in the deep sections of the plates, which deform by ductile processes, remains a challenge, prompting the use of ad hoc schemes to model plate boundaries. We posit that the bottleneck for self-consistent generation of ductile strain localization in geodynamical models is poor representation of the intrinsic mechanical heterogeneity of rocks, in particular at small scales. This prevents its effects from being accounted for at larger scales, notably emergent properties that arise during upscaling, like anisotropy. To model this heterogeneity and its evolution, we adopt a stochastic description of the rheology, which evolves in time and space as a function of the local work-rate. This approach enables to reproduce the full variety of responses observed in nature, from heterogeneous deformation at the local scale, but homogeneous at the system-scale, with or without softening, to spontaneous development of system-scale shear zones. It enables, thereby, the construction of regime diagrams for ductile strain localization using three adimensional parameters. These parameters describe the degree of heterogeneity and potential for evolution of the rheology, function of (1) the constitutive equation, which represents the active deformation processes, (2) the evolution law for the rock mechanical properties, (3) the initial properties, and (4) the energy input to the system. This approach also enables the prediction of the intensity of localization and the resulting system-scale anisotropic softening, paving the way for self-consistent modelling of plate boundaries in geodynamics.