arXiv subjects

Min S. Yun

Publications and source records attributed to Min S. Yun.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

The Koi Pond: A Strongly Lensed Protocluster Core hosting a Diverse Population of DSFGs

We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations of PJ0846+15, \textit{The Koi Pond}, a strongly lensed protocluster core at Cosmic Noon. This field offers a magnified view of 11 dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) all at $z=2.67$ (within $ΔV=800$ km s$^{-1}$) spanning a projected extent of $>300$ kpc lensed by a $z=0.77$ foreground cluster. NIRCam and ALMA Band 6 continuum measurements map the stellar distribution and thermal dust emission respectively at a spatial resolution of $\sim$0.15$^{\prime\prime}$. This analysis reveals a diverse population of DSFGs, with evidence of both interacting and non-interacting systems exhibiting a wide range of morphological features including spiral arms, bars, bulges, clumps/stellar clusters, tidal tails/debris and displaced molecular gas reservoirs. Comparing the rest-frame J- band continuum (F444W) vs (i-J) color (F277W$-$F444W), we find a wide range of values, suggesting a $>$1-dex spread in stellar mass and a dust attenuation reddening of $ΔA_{\mathrm{V}} > 1$ mag. The DSFG members exhibit varying dust sizes relative to the stellar emission, ranging from compact dusty cores to galaxy-wide emission. Resolved color maps of individual sources showing a spread as high as F277W$-$F444W$=2$ mag suggesting complex stellar-to-dust geometry. Although gas-rich mergers are identified in the core, the most red and dust emitting members are disks exhibiting clumpy structure indicating secular growth can drive these starburst events. Such a remarkable range in properties within this sample suggest DSFGs in protocluster core environments follow diverse evolutionary pathways towards their transition into quiescent, elliptical cluster galaxies.

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arXiv2026

Formation of Substructure in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies (FOSSILS): Evidence of Multiple Pathways to Trigger Starbursts in Luminous Submillimeter Galaxies

We present an analysis of rest-frame optical and far-infrared continuum emission in three luminous submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at $3.0\lesssim z\lesssim4.5$. The SMGs are spatially resolved down to 400-500 pc (0.05'') resolution by James Webb Space telescope (JWST) and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations. Despite similarities in their observed far-infrared properties (flux density, infrared luminosity, and effective radius), the three SMGs exhibit heterogeneous morphologies both across wavelengths and among the sources themselves. While two of them (AzTEC-4 and AzTEC-8) show a disk-like structure in optical continuum, AzTEC-1 is dominated by highly concentrated component with the Sersic index of $n=5.4$, where its far-infrared continuum emission is clumpy and less concentrated. AzTEC-4, which is confirmed to be at $z=4.198$, shows a two-arm spiral of dust, but not in the stellar distribution. These three SMGs exemplify that multiple physical mechanisms exist in triggering starbursts in luminous SMGs at high redshift: secular instability in gas disks (AzTEC-4) in addition to possible minor mergers (AzTEC-8), and a combination of the efficient gas supply to the central core induced by a gas-rich major merger and the reformation of cold gas disk (AzTEC-1).

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arXiv2026

PASSAGES: The Discovery of a Strongly Lensed Protocluster Core Candidate at Cosmic Noon

Investigating the processes by which galaxies rapidly build up their stellar mass during the peak of their star formation ($z=2-3$) is crucial to advancing our understanding of the assembly of large-scale structures. We report the discovery of one of the most gas- and dust-rich protocluster core candidates, PJ0846+15 (J0846), from the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally lensed Extreme Starbursts (PASSAGES) sample. The exceedingly high total star formation rate (SFR) uncorrected for lensing magnification ($μ$) of $μ\text{SFR} = 39900^{+23000}_{-12900} \text{ M}_\odot\text{ yr}^{-1}$ is the result of a foreground cluster lensing at least 11 dusty star-forming galaxies between $z=2.660-2.669$, where the intrinsic value is estimated to be $\text{SFR} = 5200^{+3200}_{-2000} \text{ M}_\odot\text{ yr}^{-1}$. Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) observations uncovered 18 CO(3--2) emission-line detections, some of which are multiply-imaged systems, lensed by a foreground cluster at $z=0.77$. We present the first multi-wavelength characterization of this field, constructing a lens model that predicts that these 11 galaxies ($μ\simeq 1.5-25$) are contained within a projected physical extent of $280 \times 150 \text{ kpc}$, with a velocity dispersion of $σ_{v} = 246 \pm 72 \text{ km s}^{-1}$. J0846 exhibits the rare case of a protocluster candidate whose core is strongly-lensed, offering a magnified view of the rapid stellar buildup within an overdense environment at Cosmic Noon.

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arXiv2026

FINER: development of the wideband millimeter-wave receiver system and preparations for first light on the Large Millimeter Telescope

The recent discovery of an excess of luminous galaxies in the early Universe necessitates sensitive and wideband millimeter spectroscopy to understand their rapid growth. To address this, we present the development of the Far-Infrared Nebular Emission Receiver (FINER) for the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT). The FINER frontend comprises two receivers covering 120-350 GHz (corresponding to ALMA Bands 4+5 and 6+7). The warm optics are designed to enable simultaneous two-band observations. Combined with the 10.24-GHz-wide digital spectrometer array, the system aims to deliver an instantaneous bandwidth approximately five times wider than current ALMA capabilities. We report that the 210-350 GHz receiver has already achieved commissioning-level performance, with sideband rejection further enhanced by the digital sideband separation technique. With installation expected in 2026, we discuss parallel preparations, including integrated testing and commissioning plans for first-look targets.

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arXiv2026

Prospects for Observing Galaxy Spectral Energy Distribution from the Radio to the far-Infrared in the Era of Next-Generation Radio Telescopes

The superb sensitivity and angular resolution of the next-generation radio telescopes with combined frequency coverage of approximately over three orders of magnitude (100 MHz--100 GHz) will sample the radio and far-infrared (FIR) spectral energy distribution (SED) of galaxies and revolutionize the galaxy formation study at the epoch of re-ionization and beyond. We present a prospect of observing the radio--FIR continuum SEDs of galaxies in the redshift of up to $z\approx 20$ based on an ensemble of the simulated `energy balanced' panchromatic SED (from UV to FIR) extended to the radio. For `realistic' populations of UV star-forming galaxies and dusty star-forming galaxies, we simulate their SEDs by accounting for the CMB effect and the radio--IR correlation. The flux density evolution of the UV-bright star-forming galaxies and the dusty star-forming galaxies at the selected observing frequencies covered by the current (ALMA) and next generation (SKA and ngVLA) radio-millimeter telescopes, suggest that massive galaxies (M$_* \gtrsim 10^{10}$M$_{\odot}$) are detectable at any redshift ($0 90$GHz). In particular, when operating, the ngVLA high-frequency ($\approx 100$ GHz) band is capable of detecting galaxies with M$_* \gtrsim 10^{9}$M$_{\odot}$ almost independently from redshift and the SKA low-frequency observing window ($\lesssim1$ GHz) has sufficient sensitivity to detect M$_* \gtrsim 10^{10}$M$_{\odot}$ dusty star-forming galaxies up to the epoch of reionization ($z=5\sim7$). We also show that the brightness of anomalous microwave emission (AME) in the galaxy SED is insignificant if the galaxies are beyond the local Universe (e.g., $z\gtrsim 0.1$).

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arXiv2026

CHILES XI: Resolved HI morphologies and the evolution of the H2/HI ratio over the last five billion years

We present the neutral gas morphology of four galaxies from z = 0.22 to 0.47 obtained with the COSMOS HI Large Extragalactic Survey (CHILES). The HI is resolved at the highest redshift with the 7.5 arcsec beam of CHILES and 43 kpc linear scale, with all four galaxies having extended HI. Three are massive galaxies (Mstellar > 3 e10 Mo), with HI masses of 1.6 - 6.7 e10 Mo, and active star formation (3 - 30 Mo/yr). The morphology and kinematics of the galaxies vary from regular to disturbed, including an asymmetric HI disk surrounding the fourth smaller galaxy (Mstellar ~ e9 Mo). CO(1-0) observations of the sample, obtained with the LMT, confirm the redshifts of three of the four galaxies and we derive H2 masses of 0.4 - 5.2 e10 Mo. JWST imaging with four combined NIRCam filters reveals disturbed stellar components with compact knots in two of the galaxies. We combine our new higher-redshift galaxies with previously published observations to conduct a more complete study of HI and H2 evolution in the redshift range 0 - 0.5. With our HI flux-limited observations compared to similar lower redshift galaxies with high stellar mass (Mstellar > e10 Mo), the results show the mean H2/HI ratio at the highest redshift is 10.3 +- 3.4 larger than the mean H2/HI ratio in the local Universe.

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arXiv2025

Hiding behind a curtain of dust: Gas and dust properties of an ultra-luminous strongly-lensed z = 3.75 galaxy behind the Milky Way disk

We present a detailed analysis of J154506, a strongly lensed submillimeter galaxy behind the Lupus-I molecular cloud, and characterisation of its physical properties using a combination of new and archival data, including VLT/MUSE and FORS2 optical data. We identify two high-significance (SNR>5) emission lines at 97.0 and 145.5 GHz, corresponding to CO(4-3) and CO(6-5), respectively, in the spectral scans from the Atacama Compact Array and the Large Millimetre Telescope and the [CII] 158~$μ$m fine-structure line at 400~GHz using the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment. These detections yield a spectroscopic redshift of $z_{\rm{spec}}=3.7515\pm0.0005$. We also report the detection of [CI], HCN(4-3), and two H$_2\rm{O}^+$ transitions, further confirming the redshift and providing insights into J154506's physical properties. By modeling sub-arcsecond resolution (0.75) ALMA Band 6 and 7 continuum data in the uv-plane, we derive an average magnification factor of $6.0\pm0.4$ and our analysis reveals a relatively cold dust (38K) in a starburst ($\sim900~\rm{M}_{\odot}yr^{-1}$) galaxy with a high intrinsic dust mass ($\sim2.5\times10^{9}~\rm{M}_{\odot}$) and infrared (IR) luminosity ($\sim6\times10^{12}~\rm{L}_{\odot}$). The non-local thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer modelling of the joint dust SED and CO line excitation suggests the dust continuum emission is primarily associated with relatively diffuse regions with molecular gas densities of $10^2-10^4\rm{cm}^{-3}$, rather than compact, high-pressure environments typical of extreme starbursts or AGNs. This is supported by the close-to-unity ratio between the dust and gas kinetic temperatures, which argues against highly energetic heating mechanisms. The CO excitation ladder peaks close to CO(5-4) and is dominated by slightly denser molecular gas.

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arXiv2025

ALMA and JWST Identification of Faint Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies up to z~8

We exploit a new sample of around 400 bright dusty galaxies from the ALMA CHAMPS Large Program, together with the rich JWST multi-band data products in the COSMOS field, to explore and validate new selection methods for identifying dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs). Here, we present an effective empirical selection criterion based on a newly defined parameter: I_star = log(M_star) x log(SFR). Incorporating the F277W-F444W color as a second parameter further improves the purity of the selection. We then apply this method to the COSMOS2025 catalog to search for fainter dusty galaxy candidates below the ALMA CHAMPS detection limit and, through a stacking technique, identify a population of high-redshift (z=6-8) DSFGs with an average flux density of$S_1.2mm = 0.15uJy and a space density of ~6E-6 Mpc^-3. This faint population seems to have been missed by most of the previous submillimeter/millimeter surveys, and ground- and space-based UV-to-NIR surveys. Finally, we discuss the possibility of an evolutionary connection between the z > 10 UV-bright galaxies recently discovered by JWST, the faint dusty z=6-8 galaxies identified here, and the population of z=3-5 massive quiescent galaxies, potentially linked as progenitor-descendant populations based on their abundance, redshifts, and stellar masses.

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arXiv2025

The LMT 2 millimeter receiver system (B4R). II. Science demonstration observations toward Orion-KL/OMC-1

We present the results of mapping and single-point spectral scans toward Orion-KL/OMC-1 performed as science demonstrations of a 2 mm SIS receiver, the Band 4 Receiver (B4R), installed on the 50 m Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT). To prove the capabilities of mapping and spectral scans with the B4R on the LMT, commissioning observations were conducted employing the on-the-fly mapping technique toward Orion-KL/OMC-1, which covers a map size of 5$'\times$5$'$. These mapping observations were performed with two frequency settings providing 10 GHz in total (131.4-133.9 GHz and 145.1-147.6 GHz; 136.2-138.7 GHz and 149.9-152.4 GHz) with a frequency resolution of 76.293 kHz. We conducted spectral line identification analysis for the hot core and compact ridge regions in the Orion-KL with a beam size of 11-12$''$. We detected nearly 400 emission lines and identified two recombination lines and 29 molecular species, including isotopologues, deuterated molecules, and vibrational excited states, despite the short integration time. These results are consistent with those of previous studies. The 29 molecular species include nitrogen (N)-bearing complex organic molecules (COMs) and oxygen (O)-bearing COMs. To demonstrate the capability of the B4R in astrochemistry, we conducted detailed analyses of column densities, rotational temperatures, and relative abundances with respect to H$_2$ on two representative COMs, N-bearing C$_2$H$_5$CN and O-bearing CH$_3$OCHO in the central 40$''\times$40$''$ area of the map. The wide bandwidth of 10 GHz enabled the use of 8 and 34 emission lines, respectively. The spatial differences in the physical and chemical properties between these molecules were derived at a spatial resolution of $\sim$12$''$. The B4R on the LMT was successfully demonstrated to be powerful for mapping and spectral scans and to have high potential for the study of interstellar chemistry.

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arXiv2025

The LMT 2 Millimeter Receiver System (B4R). I. Overview and Results of Science Demonstration

We report on the results of the on-sky test and science demonstration conducted with the 2 mm receiver system, B4R, on the 50 m Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT), located at an altitude of 4600 m in Mexico. The B4R receiver was developed based on the dual-polarization sideband-separating mixer technology of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, and is equipped with a fast Fourier transform digital spectrometer, XFFTS. The primary science objective is the spectroscopic redshift identification of high-redshift dusty star-forming galaxies, complementing the existing 3 mm Redshift Search Receiver by enabling the detection of multiple carbon monoxide lines. Additionally, the B4R receiver broadens the range of science cases possible with the LMT, including astrochemistry, as the 2 mm band encompasses unique molecular lines such as deuterated molecules and shock tracers. During on-site commissioning in 2018 and 2019, we successfully demonstrated on-the-fly mapping and position-switching observations toward the Orion Molecular Cloud 1 and bright high-redshift dusty star-forming galaxies, respectively. We confirmed that the installed B4R system largely met its basic performance specifications. Furthermore, we measured the LMT's aperture efficiencies across the entire B4R frequency range (130-160 GHz), finding them to be roughly consistent with expectations based on a surface accuracy of 100 $μ$m and the receiver optics design. These results with the B4R will enable the most sensitive single-dish spectroscopic observations at 2 mm using the LMT.

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arXiv2025

The complicated nature of the X-ray emission from the field of the strongly lensed hyperluminous infrared galaxy PJ1053+60 at z=3.549

We present an analysis of XMM-Newton X-ray observations of PJ1053+60, a hyperluminous infrared galaxy (HyLIRG) at z=3.549 that is strongly lensed by a foreground group at z=0.837. We also present GNIRS spectroscopy confirming the presence of an active galactic nucleus (AGN) to the southwest of PJ1053+60 ($AGN_{SW}$) at $z_{SW}$ = 1.373 $\pm$ 0.006. Using this redshift prior, we decompose the X-ray spectrum of PJ1053+60 into $AGN_{SW}$ and high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) components from the HyLIRG. The HMXB component has an unusually high luminosity, $\sim$ 50 times higher than calibration derived from local galaxies, and a characteristic photon index likely too flat to be caused by high-mass X-ray binaries at rest frame energies above a few keV. Our 2-D spatial decomposition also suggests a similarly high X-ray HMXB luminosity, although the limited spatial resolution prevents meaningful morphological constraints on the component. We conclude that the enhanced X-ray emission may only be explained by the presence of another AGN ($AGN_{FG}$) embedded in the foreground group lensing the PJ1053+60 system. The presence of $AGN_{FG}$ is further supported by the detection of a point-like radio continuum source that coincides with the brightest group galaxy (BGG) of the foreground lens. Our study demonstrates the limited capability of current X-ray observatories while highlighting the need for higher angular resolution observations to definitively characterize the nature of X-ray emission in distant, strongly lensed HyLIRGs.

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arXiv2025

COSMOS Spectroscopic Redshift Compilation (First Data Release): 488k Redshifts Encompassing Two Decades of Spectroscopy

We present the COSMOS Spectroscopic Redshift Compilation encompassing ~ 20 years of spectroscopic redshifts within a 10 deg$^2$ area centered on the 2 deg$^2$ COSMOS legacy field. This compilation contains 487,666 redshifts of 266,284 unique objects from 138 individual observing programs up to $z \sim 8$ with median stellar mass $\sim 10^{8.4}$ to $10^{10}$ M$_\odot$ (redshift dependent). Rest-frame $NUVrJ$ colors and SFR -- stellar mass correlations show the compilation primarily contains low- to intermediate-mass star-forming and massive, quiescent galaxies at $z < 1.25$ and mostly low-mass bursty star-forming galaxies at $z > 2$. Sources in the compilation cover a diverse range of environments, including protoclusters such as ``Hyperion''. The full compilation is 50\% spectroscopically complete by $i \sim 23.4$ and $K_s \sim 21.6$ mag; however, this is redshift dependent. Spatially, the compilation is $>50$\% ($>30$\%) complete within the central (outer) region limited to $i < 24$ mag and $K_s < 22.5$ mag, separately. We demonstrate how the compilation can be used to validate photometric redshifts and investigate calibration metrics. By training self-organizing maps on COSMOS2020/Classic and projecting the compilation onto it, we find key galaxy subpopulations that currently lack spectroscopic coverage including $z < 1$ intermediate-mass quiescent galaxies and low-/intermediate-mass bursty star-forming galaxies, $z \sim 2$ massive quiescent galaxies, and $z > 3$ massive star-forming galaxies. This highlights how combining self-organizing maps with our compilation can provide guidance for future spectroscopic observations to get a complete spectroscopic view of galaxy populations. Lastly, the compilation will undergo periodic data releases that incorporate new spectroscopic redshift measurements, providing a lasting legacy resource for the community.

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arXiv2025

CHILES X: Molecular and atomic gas at intermediate redshift

We present ALMA CO observations of 14 HI-detected galaxies from the CHILES survey found in a cosmic over-density at z~0.12. This is the largest collection of spatially resolved CO + HI observations beyond the local Universe (z>0.05) to date. While the HI-detected parent sample spans a range of stellar masses, star formation rates (SFR), and environments, we only directly detect CO in the highest stellar mass galaxies, log(M_*/M_Sun)>10.0, with SFRs greater than ~2 M_Sun/yr. The detected CO has the kinematic signature of a rotating disk, consistent with the HI. We stack the CO non-detections and find a mean H_2 mass of log(M_H2/M_Sun) = 8.46 in galaxies with a mean stellar mass of log(M_*/M_Sun) = 9.35. In addition to high stellar masses and SFRs, the systems detected in CO are spatially larger, have redder overall colors, and exhibit broader (stacked) line widths. The CO emission is spatially coincident with both the highest stellar mass surface density and star forming region of the galaxies, as revealed by the 1.4 GHz continuum emission. We interpret the redder colors as the molecular gas being coincident with dusty regions of obscured star formation. The 14 HI detections show a range of morphologies, but the HI reservoir is always more extended than the CO. Finally, we compare with samples in the literature and find mild evidence for evolution in the molecular gas reservoir and H_2-to-HI gas ratio with redshift in HI flux-limited samples. We show that the scatter in the HI, and HI-to-stellar mass ratio is too great to conclusively measure evolution below z=0.2, and is even extremely difficult below z=0.4. Detections from CHILES are likely to be the only individual galaxies detected in HI between 0.1<z<0.23 for the foreseeable future due to the severity of satellite radio frequency interference, and its preferential impact on short baselines which dominate contemporary HI surveys.

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arXiv2025

Forecasting the Observable Rates of Gravitationally Lensed Supernovae for the PASSAGES Dusty Starbursts

More than 60 years have passed since the first formal suggestion to use strongly-lensed supernovae to measure the expansion rate of the Universe through time-delay cosmography. Yet, fewer than 10 such objects have ever been discovered. We consider the merits of a targeted strategy focused on lensed hyperluminous infrared galaxies -- among the most rapidly star-forming galaxies known in the Universe. With star formation rates (SFRs) $\sim {200 - 6000}~\textrm{M}_\odot~\textrm{yr}^{-1}$, the $\sim 30$ objects in the Planck All-Sky Survey to Analyze Gravitationally-lensed Extreme Starbursts (PASSAGES) are excellent candidates for a case study, in particular, and have already led to the discovery of the multiply-imaged SN H0pe. Considering their lens model-corrected SFRs, we estimate their intrinsic supernova rates to be an extraordinary ${1.8 - 65}~\textrm{yr}^{-1}$ (core-collapse) and ${0.2 - 6.4}~\textrm{yr}^{-1}$ (Type Ia). Moreover, these massive starbursts typically have star-forming companions which are unaccounted for in this tally. We demonstrate a strong correlation between Einstein radius and typical time delays, with cluster lenses often exceeding several months (and therefore most favorable for high-precision $H_0$ inferences). A multi-visit monitoring campaign with a sensitive infrared telescope (namely, JWST) is necessary to mitigate dust attenuation. Still, a porous interstellar medium and clumpy star formation in these extreme galaxies might produce favorable conditions for detecting supernovae as transient point sources. Targeted campaigns of known lensed galaxies to discover new lensed supernovae can greatly complement wide-area cadenced surveys. Increasing the sample size helps to realize the potential of supernova time-delay cosmography to elucidate the Hubble tension through a single-step measurement, independent of other $H_0$ techniques.

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arXiv2025

Peering into the heart of darkness with VLBA : Radio Quiet AGN in the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field

We present initial results from the 4.8 GHz Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-Domain Field (TDF). From 106 radio sources found in the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array observations in the TDF, we detected 12 sources (11% detection rate) at 3.3 $μ$Jy rms sensitivity and 4 mas resolution. Most detections exhibit pc-scale emission (less than 40 pc) with high VLBA/VLA flux density ratios and brightness temperatures exceeding 10$^5$ K, confirming non-thermal AGN activity. Spectral indices ($>$ -0.5) correlate with higher VLBA/VLA flux ratios, consistent with synchrotron emission from AGN coronae or jets. In the majority of our sources star formation contributes less than 50% of the total VLBA radio emission, with a few cases where the emission is almost entirely AGN-driven. Although the radio emission from radio quiet AGN is thought to be primarily driven by star formation, our VLBA observations confirm that there is also often a contribution at various levels from black hole driven AGN. Eight VLBA detections have JWST/NIRCam counterparts, predominantly early-type, bulge-dominated galaxies, which we use to get an estimate of the redshift and star formation rate (SFR). WISE colors indicate that VLBA detections are either AGN or intermediate-disk-dominated systems, while VLBA non-detections correspond to extended, star-forming galaxies. We compare SFRs derived from previous SCUBA-2 850 $μ$m observations with new JWST-based estimates, and discuss the observed discrepancies, highlighting JWST's improved capability to disentangle AGN activity from star formation.

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arXiv2025

The CHILES Continuum & Polarization Survey-II: Radio Continuum Source Catalog and Radio Properties

The COSMOS HI Large Extragalactic Survey (CHILES) Continuum & Polarization (CHILES Con Pol) survey is an ultra-deep continuum imaging study of the COSMOS field conducted using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. We obtained 1000 hours of L-band ($λ= 20$ cm) observations across four spectral windows (1.063-1.831 GHz) on a single pointing and produced a confusion limited image with an apparent RMS noise of 1.67 $μ$Jy beam$^{-1}$ with a synthesized beam of 5$.\!\!^{\prime\prime}$5$\times$5$.\!\!^{\prime\prime}$0. This paper reports a 1.4 GHz radio continuum source catalog containing 1678 sources detected above 7$σ$ (flux densities greater than 11.7 $μ$Jy), identified using two independent source extraction programs applied to the Stokes $I$ image. Resolved sources dominate at flux density S$_{1.4GHz} \ge 42 $μ$Jy. Radio spectral index for each source was derived using a power-law fit across the four spectral windows, and we found that a robust spectral index measurement requires a total signal-to-noise ratio of at least 20. Comparisons with previous 1.4 GHz radio continuum surveys show good overall consistency, but evidence for a high degree of catalog incompleteness and the effects of source confusion are evident for some of the earlier studies.

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arXiv2025

The CHILES Continuum \& Polarization Survey-I: Survey Design \& Noise Characterization

We introduce and describe the CHILES Continuum \& Polarization (CHILES Con Pol) Survey, a 1000 hour 1.4 GHz wideband full polarization radio continuum deepfield with the Very Large Array (VLA), commensurate with the CHILES HI deepfield. We describe the observational configuration, outline the calibration of the data, and discuss the effect of Radio Frequency Interference on different observing epochs. In addition, we present a novel radio continuum imaging strategy, using well known baseline subtraction techniques in radio spectral data, and discuss the applications to the removal of artifacts from sources far from the field center. Additionally, we discuss the nature of a low-level image-wide offset, the so-called ``negative bowl" and simulate our observations in order that we may both properly understand and correct for this artifact. Using these techniques, we present the first total intensity image of the data which achieves an r.m.s. noise of 1.3 $μ$Jy beam$^{-1}$ with a synthesized beam of 4.5\arcsec x 4.0\arcsec, the most sensitive L-band image ever taken at this resolution. We then place this image into the broader context of 1.4 GHz radio continuum surveys in the literature, in terms of image sensitivity and fidelity, and $μ$Jy level source counts and P(D) analysis.

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arXiv2025

CHILES IX: Observational and Simulated HI Content and Star Formation of Blue Galaxies in Different Cosmic Web Environments

We examine the redshift evolution of the relationship between the neutral atomic hydrogen ({\HI}) content and star-formation properties of blue galaxies, along with their location in the cosmic web. Using the COSMOS {\HI} Large Extragalactic Survey (CHILES) and the IllustrisTNG (TNG100) cosmological simulation, and the {\disperse} algorithm, we identify the filamentary structure in both observations and simulations, measure the distance of galaxies to the nearest filament spine {\dfil}, and calculate the mean {\HI} gas fraction and the relative specific star formation rate (sSFR) of blue galaxies in three different cosmic web environments -- $0<{\dfil}/\mathrm{Mpc}<2$ (filament cores), $2<{\dfil}/\mathrm{Mpc}<4$ (filament outskirts), and $4<{\dfil}/\mathrm{Mpc}<20$ (voids). We find that, although there are some similarities between CHILES and TNG, there exist significant discrepancies in the dependence of {\HI} and star formation on the cosmic web and on redshift. TNG overpredicts the observed {\HI} fraction and relative sSFR at $z=0-0.5$, with the tension being strongest in the voids. CHILES observes a decline in the {\HI} fraction from filament cores to voids, exactly the opposite of the trend predicted by TNG. CHILES observes an increase in {\HI} fraction at $z=0.5\rightarrow0$ in the voids, while TNG predicts an increase in this time in all environments. Further dividing the sample into stellar mass bins, we find that the {\HI} in ${\logms}>10$ galaxies is better reproduced by TNG than {\HI} in ${\logms}=9-10$ galaxies.

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