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Ming Zhu

Publications and source records attributed to Ming Zhu.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2026

Discovery of an isolated RELHIC Candidate: J1351+0039

We report the discovery of J1351+0039, a new isolated dark galaxy candidate identified through a blind HI survey with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), combined with deep optical imaging from the DESI Legacy Survey. The object displays a compact HI structure with a systemic velocity of V_{LSR} = 429.0 \kms and an inferred HI mass of 4.5*10^5 Msun at a distance of 3.6 Mpc. No optical counterpart is detected in the DESI images, with a g-band surface brightness limit of 28.1 mag arcsec^{-2}, corresponding to a stellar mass limit of M_{star} of 1.2*10^{5} Msun. The dynamical mass is estimated to be M_{dyn} of 1.3*10^{8} Msun, yielding a dark-to-baryonic mass ratio of 200, implying that J1351+0039 is overwhelmingly dominated by dark matter. While weak rotation is detected in J1351+0039, the kinematics are dominated by internal velocity dispersion, confirming pressure support and reminiscent of Reionization-Limited HI Clouds (RELHICs). J1351+0039 stands out as one of the most promising isolated RELHIC candidates, offering a unique laboratory for studying baryonic physics and dark matter in the absence of star formation.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

EGI-BENCH: An Enterprise General Intelligence Benchmark Suite

Enterprise adoption of LLMs in agentic workflows is gated by evaluations that span a wide arc of abilities: CRM operations, heterogeneous-document retrieval, personal data understanding, multi-turn planning, tool use, function calling, long-horizon research, and long-context software engineering. These evaluations live today in separate repositories with divergent runners, dependencies, and scoring conventions, which makes cross-benchmark comparison difficult and obscures what a single aggregate number actually represents. We release EGI-BENCH, a unified LLM agent benchmark suite that consolidates eight enterprise facing agent benchmarks (CRMARENA, HERB, PERSONABENCH, USERBENCH, MCP-UNIVERSE, MCPEVAL, BENCHFORCE, LOCOBENCH) behind a single command-line interface with two runtime-budgeted execution modes. On top of the suite we define the Enterprise General Intelligence (EGI) Score, a six-dimensional framework (M1-M6) whose buckets are populated by fine-grained sub-metrics routed from each benchmark rather than by benchmark-level averages. We describe the suite, the sub-metric routing, and the quick/deep budgets, and report results for fourteen frontier and cost-efficient LLMs spanning the GPT, Claude, and Gemini families under quick mode. Top-line EGI ranges from 39.6 (GPT-4o mini) to 65.6 (gpt-5.5), and no single model dominates every capability axis: gpt-5.5 leads task outcome, planning, and retrieval grounding; Claude Sonnet 4.5 leads tool actioning and safety/abstention; and Claude Haiku 4.5 leads engineering quality. Code is available at https://github.com/SalesforceAIResearch/egi-bench.

cs.AI↗
arXiv2026

LabOPBench: A Multimodal Benchmark for Evidence-Grounded Laboratory Decision Making

Laboratory experiments involve more than following predefined protocols; they require adaptive decision-making as the experimental state changes. Existing scientific benchmarks rarely assess such evidence-based decisions in laboratory settings. Here we present LabOPBench, a multimodal benchmark of 756 expert-authored, independently reviewed questions in organic synthesis and materials science. Each item pairs laboratory evidence with procedural context and an open-ended judgment, evaluated using a question-specific scoring rubric. Eight multimodal models obtain overall normalized scores of 28.8-45.8%, leaving substantial room for improvement. On a controlled 100-question subset, the strongest models outperform undergraduate participants on average but remain below the average performance of PhD participants. Expert analysis of responses from the three leading models identifies Evidence Misreading and Evidence-Decision Conflict as the dominant error patterns. These results reveal that current models still struggle to turn multimodal perception into reliable laboratory decision-making.

cs.AI↗
arXiv2026

SCCGBench: Executability-Oriented Evaluation for Real-World Web Service-Call Code Generation

LLM-generated service-call code is increasingly important for service computing, where developers rely on large language models (LLMs) to compose services and invoke third-party services. However, current approaches have not yet evaluated the invocation and execution of services in the actual code environment. To support execution-grounded evaluation, we present the Service-Call Code Generation Benchmark (SCCGBench), a benchmark of 3,135 traceable and decontamination-filtered RapidAPI call functions from real GitHub repositories. SCCGBench uses redacted-intent generation to reduce circular leakage and introduces Mock, Robust, ParamF1, and host-, endpoint-, method-, and parameter-level diagnostics. Mock denotes a virtual-execution hit that simultaneously matches the gold host, endpoint, and HTTP method, while Robust further requires status checking and exception handling. We evaluate six code LLMs and one non-neural retrieval baseline under intent-only, retrieval-augmented, and gold-documentation Oracle settings. Results show that models often generate syntactically correct or superficially similar HTTP-request code but achieve low Mock success in the intent-only setting; the strongest evaluated model obtains only 3.76% Mock. Under the gold-documentation Oracle settings (C3 and C5), Mock reaches 88.73%--90.52% for the open-source models evaluated in RQ2 and 76.47%--81.86% for DeepSeek-V4-Pro, whereas sparse and dense retrieval remain far below this oracle level. The findings indicate that service/API grounding is the main bottleneck: Mock is dominated by host, endpoint, and method alignment, while ParamF1 separately reveals parameter-alignment errors. SCCGBench provides an execution-grounded benchmark for Web service invocation, API recommendation, service-interface retrieval, endpoint grounding, and reliable service-call automation.

cs.SE↗
arXiv2026

Redshifted Cool Gas in the Disturbed HI Disk of the Starburst Dwarf NGC 4214

We report redshifted cool gas toward the central star-forming region of the nearby starburst dwarf galaxy NGC 4214. HST/COS spectra show low-ionization absorbers redshifted relative to the systemic velocity, most clearly in SII ($Δv=19.8\pm2.6\ {\rm km\,s^{-1}}$) and supported by MgII ($Δv=30.3\pm3.0\ {\rm km\,s^{-1}}$), while PII remains tentative ($Δv=7.5\pm3.4\ {\rm km\,s^{-1}}$). The Keck/HIRES spectra also reveal a redshifted CaII absorption component ($Δv=25.6\pm1.5\ {\rm km\,s^{-1}}$). Because the absorption is detected against the central UV or optical continuum, the gas must lie in the foreground of the star-forming region and is moving away from the observer and toward the background UV source in projection. A VLA--THINGS HI spectrum extracted at the COS position within one VLA beam also shows a redshifted neutral component at $v_{\rm hel}=329.2\pm0.9\ {\rm km\ s^{-1}}$, offset by $38.2\pm1.3\ {\rm km\ s^{-1}}$ from systemic and by $27.6\pm1.0\ {\rm km\ s^{-1}}$ from the dominant local HI component. The FAST HI mapping further reveals an extended, kinematically disturbed neutral disk, with residual structures relative to a warped-disk model. Together, the redshifted UV absorption, the redshifted HI component, and the disturbed large-scale HI velocity field show that the central anomalous cool gas is observed in a galaxy with a disturbed extended neutral disk. This geometry suggests that the redshifted cool gas may trace inflow or recycled fallback toward the central region, although warped-disk or non-circular disk motions cannot be fully excluded.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

The FAST HI 21-cm Absorption Blind Survey. III. OH Absorption Search in the 21-cm Absorber Sample and Continued HI Absorption Search

We present the first blind search for OH 18-cm absorption with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), conducted alongside the HI 21-cm absorption search. Our previous FAST blind HI absorption search identified 34 systems. In this work, we extend the search using 2024 and part of the 2025 CRAFTS and FASHI data (394.4 hr and 1622.1 deg$^{2}$) together with FATHOMER observations, yielding four known and three new HI absorbers, for a total of 41 HI absorption systems. We search for OH absorption in 19 HI absorption systems whose OH redshifted frequencies fall within the FAST band. The known OH absorber towards PKS 1413+135 was re-detected, making our survey the first blind survey to detect OH absorption. No new OH absorbers were identified. We examine the relationship between $N_{\rm{OH}}$ and $N_{\rm{HI}}$, applying survival analysis to account for upper limits. The analysis does not provide statistically significant evidence for either an $N_{\rm{OH}}$-$N_{\rm{HI}}$ correlation or redshift evolution of $N_{\rm{OH}}$/$N_{\rm{HI}}$. Finally, spectral stacking sets 3$σ$ OH column density upper limits of 4.93, 1.64, and 1.72 $T_{\rm{ex}}$/$c_{\rm{f,OH}}\times$10$^{12}$cm$^{-2}$K$^{-1}$ for associated, intervening, and combined samples, corresponding to [\rm{OH}]/[\rm{HI}] ratios of $<$1.66$\times$10$^{-8}$, $<$1.42$\times$10$^{-8}$, and $<$0.90$\times$10$^{-8}$, assuming $T_{\rm{ex}}$=10K for OH and $T_{\rm{s}}$=100K for HI. These results place the strongest constraints to date on the OH content in radio-selected HI absorbers and establish a blind-survey benchmark for future studies of molecular gas in HI-selected systems. They also demonstrate that known HI 21-cm absorbers provide an effective parent sample for systematic OH absorption searches, paving the way for future larger surveys.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

M3SunAgent: Monocular 3D Spatial Understanding Agent for Metric Depth Estimation and 3D Visual Grounding

Monocular metric depth estimation and 3D visual grounding represent the two complementary cornerstones of monocular 3D spatial understanding (M3Sun), from which the fundamental 3D spatial information required by M3Sun can be acquired. However, these complementary tasks are generally conducted by separate frameworks, which pose challenges of inflexible and unaligned spatial information access for embodied intelligence systems. In this paper, we propose a unified agent for monocular 3D spatial understanding (M3SunAgent) that leverages a large language model (LLM) as a task planner for spatial visual programming, which flexibly generate structured programs and coordinate tools. For instance-level metric depth estimation task, M3SunAgent invokes an object detector tool to locate the target, estimates depth at selected points with a depth estimation tool, and aggregates these predictions into an instance-level depth estimate. We also construct the M3Sun Instance (M3SI) dataset, a benchmark with 2,910 samples for evaluation. For monocular 3D visual grounding task, M3SunAgent uses a vision-language model (VLM) tool to locate the target and output basic spatial attributes, then combines back-projection tool with a dimension-lifting tool to predict its 3D bounding box. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of M3SunAgent. Specifically, in evaluations of instance-level monocular metric depth estimation, M3SunAgent achieves the best performance among all compared models, 52.61% of predicted instances are distributed below depth error 0.25 ($δ< 0.25$). In evaluations of monocular 3D visual grounding, M3SunAgent demonstrates overall competitive performance than vision and VLM models, reaching a 3D mean intersection over union (mIoU) of 41.73% and exceeding the state-of-the-art MonoVLM model by 3.62%.

cs.CV↗
arXiv2026

Discovery of Kolmogorov-like turbulence in the inner shell of SNR HB 9

We investigated the scaling relation of the magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the inner and outer shells of the supernova remnant HB 9 using multi-tracers. For the eastern inner shell section, one-dimensional structure function and power spectrum analyses of the radio total intensity, H-alpha emission, and polarized intensity consistently show a Kolmogorov-like scaling of l^2/3 over the inertial range. The two-dimensional power spectrum for the entire inner region follows k^-8/3 of all tracers, including the polarization gradient. It indicates that fully developed, trans-Alfvenic Kolmogorov turbulence is present in the inner shell of HB 9. We estimated the strength of random magnetic field therein from the low fractional polarization (5%), and obtained a upper limit delta B of 18 micro G. The turbulence in the inner shock shell is most likely driven by the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

FASHI DR2: A Catalog of 132 Low-Redshift HI 21 cm Absorption Systems

We present an untargeted survey of 21 cm HI absorption systems based on the second data release of the FAST All Sky HI survey (FASHI DR2), covering approximately 19,500 deg$^{2}$ at $z\lesssim0.09$. A total of 132 HI absorbers are identified, including approximately 60 new discoveries, forming one of the largest homogeneous samples of low-redshift HI absorbers assembled to date. The sample extends to continuum flux densities as low as 2.6 mJy, substantially below the limits of previous flux-limited surveys. The absorber population is dominated by narrow systems ($W_{50}<100$ km s$^{-1}$), while broad absorbers ($W_{50}>200$ km s$^{-1}$) account for 13.6% of the sample. Most absorbers are optically thin, with a median optical depth of $τ_{\rm HI}\approx0.14$. The velocity-offset distribution is broadly symmetric about the systemic velocities of the host galaxies. The associated absorbers are preferentially found in massive, actively star-forming galaxies. We find tentative evidence for a weak anti-correlation between HI column density and stellar mass, although the relation exhibits substantial scatter. These results provide the first statistical characterization of the low-redshift HI absorber population based on the FASHI DR2 sample and establish a valuable benchmark for future HI absorption surveys with next-generation radio facilities.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

An HI study of a large sample of ultra-diffuse galaxies

By cross-matching the SMUDGes catalog with the FASHI and ALFALFA HI surveys, we construct an HI-detected sample of 112 ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) and 48 low-surface-brightness (LSB) galaxies, providing HI-based redshifts for 76 galaxies for the first time. Using DESI DR1 redshifts, we assemble an HI-non-detected sample of 168 galaxies for stacking analysis, with detections in two stellar mass bins below 10^{8.5} M_sun. Combining optical, UV, and HI data, we investigate stellar masses, star formation rates, gas fractions, and kinematics. We present a systematic analysis of the HI mass--optical size relation for UDGs and LSBs, showing both populations follow a mass--optical size scaling similar to normal galaxies, suggesting an average HI surface density, under the assumption that the optical size traces the extent of the HI distribution. Their stellar mass--size relation indicates nearly constant stellar surface densities for galaxies with central surface brightness mu_{0,g}>~24mag arcsec^{-2}, independent of UDG or LSB classification. Many UDGs and LSB galaxies are systematically offset from the baryonic Tully--Fisher relation toward higher baryonic masses at a given velocity, consistent with trends found in UDGs with resolved HI kinematics. Both populations exhibit low star formation efficiencies and long gas depletion times, supporting multiple formation pathways for UDGs.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

HI Depletion Begins Well Beyond the Virial Radius: A FAST Stacking Study of 36 Galaxy Clusters to 5R200

We present a stacking study of the neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) content in and around 36 local galaxy clusters at $z<0.07$, using a combination of the FAST all sky HI survey (FASHI) and the extensive spectroscopic catalog mainly from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). We employ spectral stacking techniques to probe the average HI mass and HI-to-stellar mass ratio ($M_{\rm HI}/M_*$) for member galaxies down to stellar masses of $M_*\sim 10^9M_\odot$, spanning a projected cluster-centric distance to $5R_{200}$. Our analysis reveals a pronounced environmental effect: both $M_{\rm HI}$ and $M_{\rm HI}/M_*$ decrease steadily towards the cluster center, dropping by $\sim 0.5$ dex on average from the outskirts to the core. Crucially, we find that $M_{\rm HI}/M_*$ of galaxies remain lower than the field galaxies even at the $5R_{200}$. This provides direct, statistical evidence for substantial gas stripping and pre-processing in the cluster outskirts, likely occurring in infalling groups and large-scale filaments. By further splitting the sample by $g-r$ color, we show that the HI deficiency persists at fixed galaxy color: even the bluest cluster members exhibit $\sim 0.5$~dex lower $M_{\rm HI}/M_*$ than field galaxies of similar color, reflecting environmental effects on the cold gas reservoir prior to full optical transformation. The total HI mass within clusters and their outskirts agrees broadly with predictions from cosmological simulation. Our results underscore the critical role of the extended cluster environment in quenching galaxies by depleting their cold gas reservoirs well before they enter the dense cluster core.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

GhostShell: Streaming LLM Function Calls for Concurrent Embodied Programming

We present GhostShell, a novel approach that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) for streaming and concurrent behavioral programming in embodied systems. In contrast to predefined behavioral structures and plan-then-execute paradigms, GhostShell enables reasoning-while-acting by incrementally invoking functions during LLM streaming generation. We define function tokens as an XML-based function-call representation that GhostShell parses from the LLM generation stream and maps to callable functions. A multi-channel scheduling algorithm further orchestrates these calls with intra-channel synchronous and inter-channel asynchronous dispatch, coordinating sequential-parallel behavior execution across multiple robotic components. We evaluate GhostShell on our robotic prototype CoCo across 33 real-world tasks with LLMs from nine providers. On 30 grounded Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) tasks, our approach achieves the highest Directed Structured Behavior Correctness (DSBC) score of 0.83 with Claude-Sonnet-4, while on three long-horizon multimodal tasks, GPT-4.1 attains a top human evaluation score of 7.0/10. Compared to native LLM function calling, our function token schema achieves a 15/15 task completion rate versus 6/15, particularly in coordinating concurrent linguistic and physical actions. Supplementary materials, including videos, are available at https://coco-robot.github.io/GhostShell.

cs.RO↗
arXiv2026

A Catalog of Compact High-Velocity Clouds from the FAST All-Sky HI Survey (FASHI) DR2

High-velocity clouds (HVCs) -- especially compact HVCs (CHVCs) -- are thought to serve as gaseous tracers of dark-matter-dominated subhalos, providing a crucial empirical link between the predicted dark matter substructure and observed satellite galaxies. In this paper, we present a new catalog of 192 CHVCs identified from the FAST All-Sky HI Survey (FASHI) Data Release 2 (DR2). Among these, 108 are ultra-compact HVCs (UCHVCs), the majority of which are new discoveries. We find that 185 of the 192 CHVCs are spatially and kinematically concentrated around the Andromeda galaxy (M31), with a median LSR velocity of -296.1 km/s, suggesting physical association with M31. Adopting an M31 distance of 0.8 Mpc, we derive HI masses in the range 1.9*10^{5} to 4.0*10^{6} Msun and dynamical masses from 1.0*10^{7} to 6.3*10^{8} Msun. Approximately half of the CHVCs follow the baryonic Tully--Fisher relation. No optical counterparts are detected in Pan-STARRS1 imaging down to a limiting magnitude of m_g = 22.8. We conclude that these CHVCs likely represent a population of gas-rich, starless minihalos and provide an excellent sample for the search for dark galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

The FAST All Sky HI Survey DR2: the FASHI Catalog and the HI Mass Function

The FAST All Sky HI Survey (FASHI) conducted with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) has mapped $\sim 19500\,\mathrm{deg}^2$ of the sky north of DEC $= -14^{\circ}$, detecting $156411$ extragalactic HI sources at $z< 0.09$ with a median sensitivity of $0.57\,\mathrm{mJy}\,\mathrm{beam}^{-1}$ at a velocity resolution of $6.4\,\mathrm{km}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}$. The survey achieves unprecedented depth and area coverage, significantly improving upon previous single-dish surveys. Through a detailed completeness analysis that accounts for the survey's non-uniform sensitivity and line-width dependence, we construct a robust HI mass function (HIMF) using a completeness-corrected sample of over $109000$ sources. The HIMF is robustly constrained down to $M_{\mathrm{HI}}\sim 10^{6.2}\,M_{\odot}$. When systematic uncertainties are included, the HIMF is well described by a single-Schechter function with a characteristic mass $\log (M_{*} / h_{70}^{-2}M_{\odot}) = 9.89\pm 0.02$, low-mass end slope $α= -1.31\pm 0.02$, and amplitude $ϕ_{*} = (6.38\pm 0.49)\times 10^{-3}\,h_{70}^{3}\,\mathrm{Mpc}^{-3}\,\mathrm{dex}^{-1}$. The derived cosmic HI density is $Ω_{\mathrm{HI}} = (4.71\pm 0.03_{\mathrm{stat}}\pm 0.40_{\mathrm{sys}})\times 10^{-4}\,h_{70}^{-1}$. FASHI provides the most extensive and sensitive HI catalog to date, establishing an important benchmark for studies of gas accretion, galaxy evolution, and large-scale structure in the local universe.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

The nature of Cloud-9: a compact core embedded in a diffuse envelope

We present new HI observations of Cloud-9 with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), measuringvtotal flux of 0.35 +- 0.03 Jy km/s. Combined with Very Large Array (VLA) data, the HI shows a two-component structure: a compact, kinematically quiescent core and an extended envelope. The outer component exhibits a coherent velocity gradientvof ~25 km/s across ~7 kpc. The position-velocity structure does not support rotation; instead, the gradient is consistent with ordered large-scale motion, induced by environmental interaction with M94. The coexistence of a compact, kinematically quiescent core and an extended structured envelope is difficult to reconcile with a unbound or purely gaseous system. While the extended component is more naturally interpreted as environmentally shaped gas, the compact core suggests gravitational confinement beyond that provided by the observed baryonic content, without requiring strict long-term dynamical equilibrium. Deep optical limits further rule out a significant stellar component. Taken together, our results indicate that Cloud-9 is most naturally interpreted as a dark matter-dominated system undergoing environmental interaction. The observed morphology and kinematics are consistent with a stripped RELHIC scenario, in which a compact gas-rich core is embedded within an extended envelope shaped by ram-pressure interaction with the circumgalactic medium of M94.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

Weak Evolution of Cosmic Atomic Hydrogen over the Past 4.5 Billion Years

The cosmic star formation rate density (CSFRD) has declined sharply toward the present day, but the roles of the atomic and molecular gas reservoirs remain uncertain. We measure the cosmic HI density, $Ω_{\mathrm{HI}}$, over $0<z<0.41$ by combining HI spectra from the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope with optical spectroscopy from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument for $\sim2.5$ million galaxies across $\sim12,000\,{\rm deg}^2$. We measure a raw decrease in $Ω_{\mathrm{HI}}$ by a factor of $1.35\pm0.10$ over the past 4.5 Gyr. Even after applying the conservative systematic corrections from our forward model, the inferred decline is only $1.12\pm0.10$ -- still far weaker than the CSFRD decline (a factor of 2.46). The molecular gas density, in contrast, is known to evolve more closely with star formation. At fixed stellar mass, the average HI gas fraction evolves by less than 0.2 dex, showing that the weak evolution is present across the galaxy population. These quantitative differences rule out rapid depletion of galaxy HI as the primary driver of the late-time CSFRD decline, and provide a stringent benchmark for models of gas accretion, phase conversion and star-formation regulation.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

BehaviorBench: Modeling Real-World User Decisions from Behavioral Traces

Many decision-support settings require systems that adapt to individual users, but evaluation data for this problem remain limited. Existing benchmarks for user understanding often rely on simulated users or model-generated behavior, even though recent work cautions that model-based simulations can diverge systematically from human behavior. We introduce \textsc{BehaviorBench}, a benchmark for evaluating personalized decision modeling from real-world behavioral traces. \textsc{BehaviorBench} reconstructs wallet-level decision histories from observed public prediction-market and on-chain records, and organizes them into two complementary task layers: \emph{Belief prediction}, which predicts a user's final revealed stance and confidence in a market, and \emph{Trade prediction}, which predicts the direction and amount of individual transactions. Across 2,000 evaluation wallets, the benchmark contains 141,445 Belief instances and 1,485,972 Trade instances, with disjoint support pools for retrieval-based evaluation. We evaluate frontier and open-weight generative models under four history interfaces: no personalization, direct recent history, generated user profiles, and retrieved support-wallet evidence. Personalization improves Belief prediction more consistently than Trade prediction, model rankings change across task layers and metrics, and different history interfaces expose different failure modes. \textsc{BehaviorBench} provides an evaluation setting for studying whether personalized methods can use real-world behavioral evidence rather than simulated users alone.

cs.AI↗
arXiv2026

HiFAST: An HI data calibration and imaging pipeline for the FAST IV: The stray-radiation correction

Stray radiation is a considerable challenge for radio telescopes, requiring careful assessment due to its effects. This is crucial when the strong background flux from side lobes significantly affects the total flux, especially for extended sources. In this study, we introduced the beam pattern of the L-band receiver on the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), covering various frequencies based on recent observations. We discovered that the main beam efficiency of all beams exceeds 90\% throughout the L band frequencies, with efficiency decreasing slowly as frequency increases. Subsequently, we developed a module to mitigate stray radiation effects, incorporating it into FAST's standard \HI data reduction process, referred to as \texttt{HiFAST}. Our analysis shows that side lobe flux's influence, particularly for extended sources with significant surface density gradients, necessitates detailed evaluation. Corrections for the extended M33 galaxy can reach up to 20\%. Moreover, the pattern data presented here is vital for studying HI intensity maps at high redshift. The module, along with HiFAST and beam pattern data across 15 frequency bins, can be accessed at \textrm{https://hifast.readthedocs.io}. The datasets of beam pattern presented in this paper, are openly available at \textrm{https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00113.00266} (https://www.scidb.cn/s/bqQRNv).

astro-ph.IM↗