List coloring uncrowded hypergraphs at the shattering threshold
Improving an earlier bound of Frieze and Mubayi, Iliopoulos showed that any $k$-uniform uncrowded hypergraph of maximum degree $Δ$ has list chromatic number at most $(1+o(1))(k-1)\Big(\fracΔ{\logΔ}\Big)^{\frac{1}{k-1}}$. Determining the optimal leading constant in this bound remains a major open problem. A natural target for the constant, suggested by the coupon-collector heuristic, is $(k-1)^{\frac{1}{k-1}}$, which also arises independently as the shattering threshold for coloring and finding large independent sets in sparse random hypergraphs. We show that uncrowded hypergraphs attain this threshold: for $k \ge 2$, every $k$-uniform uncrowded hypergraph $\mathcal{H}$ of maximum degree at most $Δ$ satisfies $$χ_\ell(\mathcal{H})\le(1+o(1))\Big((k-1)\fracΔ{\logΔ}\Big)^{\frac{1}{k-1}}.$$ This matches the coupon-collector heuristic, and establishes a 2019 conjecture of Molloy for uncrowded hypergraphs. As a consequence, we show that every $k$-uniform linear hypergraph of maximum degree at most $Δ$ has chromatic number at most $c_k\Big(\fracΔ{\log Δ}\Big)^{\frac{1}{k-1}}$ with $c_k=1-o_k(1)$, resolving, in a stronger form, a recent conjecture of Verstraëte and Wilson on the independence number of linear hypergraphs. Our techniques yield the first palette sparsification result for hypergraph coloring using $o(Δ^{\frac{1}{k-1}})$ colors per vertex. Specifically, for an uncrowded $k$-graph $\mathcal{H}$ and $q=Θ\Big({\Big(\fracΔ{γ\logΔ}\Big)^{\frac{1}{k-1}}}\Big)$, sampling $Θ(Δ^{\fracγ{k-1}})$ colors per vertex suffices to obtain a proper $q$-coloring of $\mathcal{H}$ w.h.p. As an algorithmic consequence, we obtain a single-pass streaming algorithm using $O\big(n^{1+o(1)}\big)$ space for uncrowded $k$-graphs, and, via hypergraph partitioning, for linear hypergraphs as well.